PFAS

Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2025 Aug 23;269:114653. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2025.114653. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Tap waters from 91 locations across Germany were analysed for organic persistent and mobile (PM) substances, covering a range of sources and substance classes, e.g. the sweetener saccharine (SAC), antibiotic drug sulfamethoxazole (SMX), pharmaceutical transformation product valsartanic acid (VSA), industrial chemicals as cyanoguanidine (CG) or ultra-short-chain PFAS trifluoroacetic acid and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TFA and TFMSA). The investigated sampling sites differed by their respective raw water resources and population density (rural and urban). Enrichment by azeotropic evaporation was successful for 11 of 26 substances and decreased the limit of detection and limit of quantification by more than ten-fold. Concentrations of 19 studied substances were well below the health-related indicator value (HRIV) or health-based guideline value (HBGV) in all samples. However, the HRIV for CG, SAC, SMX and VSA were exceeded in two, one, one and five samples respectively, with exceedances ranging from 4 % for SMX to 117 % for CG. Nevertheless, it can be stated that - with a few exceptions - the precautionary values protecting human health are complied with. TFA and TFMSA were detected in every sample with 90-percentile concentrations of 5.2 μg/L and 4 ng/L, respectively. The study shows that PM substances in particular can penetrate into drinking water.

PMID:40850039 | DOI:10.1016/j.ijheh.2025.114653

Water Res. 2025 Aug 13;287(Pt B):124405. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2025.124405. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been extensively used in the electroplating globally, yet the source characterization remains inadequately quantified. This study provides a high-resolution characterization of PFAS for the Chinese electroplating industry by combining target and nontarget analysis of samples, including chrome mist suppressants, plating bath solutions, wastewater, and sludge. A total of 91 PFAS homologues, spanning 14 classes, were identified by nontarget analysis. Predominant congeners include perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTSA), 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonic acid (6:2 Cl-PFESA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), monohydro-substituted perfluorobutanoic acid (H-PFBA), and sodium p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzenesulfonate (OBS). These originate from the diverse applications of mist suppressants, wetting and cleaning agents. Chromium plating wastewater exhibits distinct differences in both PFAS concentration and characteristics compared to other electroplating wastewaters. Notably, H-PFBA and OBS, two major PFAS identified through nontarget analysis, are reported for the first time in electroplating samples, warranting further investigation into their sources. With the ongoing implementation of the Stockholm Convention and stricter Chinese regulations on PFOS and PFHxS, an increased detection frequency and concentration of 6:2 FTSA as an alternative are anticipated. This is the first comprehensive study on PFAS characteristics for Chinese electroplating industry, providing critical insights for the source allocation of PFAS in the environment.

PMID:40850208 | DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2025.124405

J Phys Chem A. 2025 Aug 23. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5c02985. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and other per and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) are emerging environmental contaminants of concern. Incineration is a common method of PFAS destruction and disposal, but due to the strength and stability of C-F chemical bonds, the process is poorly understood. In the present work, we demonstrate that destruction of PFOA in a pilot-scale incinerator leads to a mixture of smaller perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs). We use chemical ionization mass spectrometry to measure the concentration of PFCAs ranging from C₂ to C₉. The actual yield of PFCAs depends upon the location of PFOA injection and thus upon the peak temperature experienced within the furnace. A chemical kinetic mechanism is developed to explain the results. Two different pathways are considered: a low-temperature pathway that proceeds through a short-lived α-lactone intermediate and a high-temperature pathway that proceeds through cleaving a C-C bond in the alkyl backbone. Theoretical modeling of PFOA incineration at peak temperatures of ∼1130 and ∼1020 K predicts the formation of trifluoroacetic acid and other small PFCAs.

PMID:40848011 | DOI:10.1021/acs.jpca.5c02985

J Public Health Policy. 2025 Aug 23. doi: 10.1057/s41271-025-00594-6. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

This study evaluates the impact of California's specific per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) legislation on perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) contamination levels in public drinking water. We conducted a comparative statistical analysis using data collected by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rules (UCMRs), specifically UCMR 3 and UCMR 5. To assess PFOA and PFOS levels in active public water systems during the pre-legislation period (2017) and the post-legislation period (2023) we applied Levene's test to assess differences in variances, followed by unpaired and Welch's t-tests to compare mean PFAS concentrations between the two time periods. We detected a significant decline in both PFOA and PFOS levels post-legislation, suggesting that robust state-level regulatory measures can effectively reduce PFAS contamination. Findings highlight the potential for California's comprehensive approach to serve as a model for national policy to mitigate PFAS exposure and protect public health.

PMID:40849344 | DOI:10.1057/s41271-025-00594-6

Sci Rep. 2025 Aug 23;15(1):31003. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16395-6.

ABSTRACT

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent organic pollutants with bioaccumulative, biomagnifying and toxic potential, and largely unknown fate and health effects in terrestrial wildlife. In a contaminated area, we studied PFAS in a terrestrial food web including soil, mushrooms, berries, and wild-living herbivores (bank vole and two ungulate species) and a specialized predator (Tengmalm's owl). In addition, in voles, we studied potential PFAS-induced liver damage and infection with a zoonotic pathogen. Concentrations of PFAS in vole livers were among the highest reported in terrestrial wildlife. Results suggest biomagnification of PFAS from soil, mushrooms, and berries to bank voles, from mushrooms to ungulates and from voles to the owl. Most vole livers showed diffuse cytoplasmic granulation, ranging from mild to severe, as well as mild and variable hepatocellular hypertrophy. We found high prevalence of Orthohantavirus puumalaense infection in bank voles, highlighting the possibility of PFAS-induced infection susceptibility. Our study supports that terrestrial wildlife magnifies PFAS from the environment and highlights largely unexplored yet worrying effects on wildlife health.

PMID:40849506 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-16395-6

Environments (Basel). 2025 Jun;12(6):178. doi: 10.3390/environments12060178. Epub 2025 May 28.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major global health burden influenced by genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors. Among these, exposure to per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and toxic metals has been increasingly implicated in adverse cardiovascular outcomes. However, the mediating role of dietary inflammation in these associations remains unclear.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the relationship between PFAS and metal exposures and CVD risk, focusing on the potential mediating role of diet, operationalized through the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII). Additionally, this study examines age as an effect modifier in these associations.

METHODS: Utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2018 cycle (n = 660), we assessed environmental exposures (lead, cadmium, mercury, perfluorooctanoic acid-PFOA, perfluorooctane sulfonate-PFOS), dietary inflammatory potential (DII), and cardiovascular markers (blood pressure, lipid profile, C-reactive protein). Statistical analyses included linear regression and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression-Causal Mediation Analysis (BKMR-CMA) to estimate the direct, indirect (through DII), and total effects of exposure on CVD risk biomarkers.

RESULTS: Linear regression revealed significant associations between mercury and reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p = 0.017) and cadmium with increased C-reactive protein (CRP) (p = 0.006). Mediation analysis suggested dietary inflammation may play a role, though estimates were imprecise.

CONCLUSIONS: PFAS and metals may influence CVD risk through inflammatory pathways, with potential age-related differences. Future longitudinal studies are needed to clarify these complex interactions, reduce measurement error, and guide age-specific exposure regulations.

PMID:40843450 | PMC:PMC12366770 | DOI:10.3390/environments12060178

Med Sci (Basel). 2025 Jul 28;13(3):99. doi: 10.3390/medsci13030099.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Environmental exposures, such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), in conjunction with social and behavioral factors, can significantly impact liver health. This research investigates the combined effects of PFAS (perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), alcohol consumption, smoking, income, and education on liver function among the U.S. population, utilizing data from the 2017-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

METHODS: PFAS concentrations in blood samples were analyzed using online solid-phase extraction combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), a highly sensitive and specific method for detecting levels of PFAS. Liver function was evaluated using biomarkers such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), total bilirubin, and the fatty liver index (FLI). Descriptive statistics and multivariable linear regression analyses were employed to assess the associations between exposures and liver outcomes. Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) was utilized to explore the nonlinear and interactive effects of these exposures. To determine the relative influence of each factor on liver health, Posterior Inclusion Probabilities (PIPs) were calculated.

RESULTS: Linear regression analyses indicated that income and education were inversely associated with several liver injury biomarkers, while alcohol use and smoking demonstrated stronger and more consistent associations. Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) further highlighted alcohol and smoking as the most influential predictors, particularly for GGT and total bilirubin, with posterior inclusion probabilities (PIPs) close to 1.0. In contrast, PFAS showed weaker associations. Regression coefficients were small and largely non-significant, and PIPs were comparatively lower across most liver outcomes. Notably, education had a higher PIP for ALT and GGT than PFAS, suggesting a more protective role in liver health. People with higher education levels tend to live healthier lifestyles, have better access to healthcare, and are generally more aware of health risks. These factors can all help reduce the risk of liver problems. Overall mixture effects demonstrated nonlinear trends, including U-shaped relationships for ALT and GGT, and inverse associations for AST, FLI, and ALP.

CONCLUSION: These findings underscore the importance of considering both environmental and social-behavioral determinants in liver health. While PFAS exposures remain a long-term concern, modifiable lifestyle and structural factors, particularly alcohol, smoking, income, and education, exert more immediate and pronounced effects on hepatic biomarkers in the general population.

PMID:40843721 | DOI:10.3390/medsci13030099

Environ Sci Process Impacts. 2025 Aug 22. doi: 10.1039/d5em00396b. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The production and use of PFAS in some countries, coupled with uncertainties about their applications across Asia, underscore the urgent need to assess human exposure-particularly beyond China, Japan, and South Korea, which account for 80-90% of existing environmental PFAS studies. Exposure levels vary significantly across the region, with industrial activities, including textile and automotive manufacturing, contributing to severe contamination, especially in freshwater sources. Studies have detected PFAS in surface and groundwater across 20 Asian countries (∼3000 samples), sometimes at concerning concentrations. Contamination extends to drinking water and food products, further increasing human exposure risks. There is now substantial evidence, particularly from China, South Korea, and Japan, indicating a widespread presence of long-chain PFAS in human serum and breast milk. Additionally, replacement compounds and their degradation products, such as 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA) and the dimer and trimer acids of hexafluoropropylene oxide (HFPO-DA, and HFPO-TA), are increasingly detected in human samples in China, where they are produced. Although the situation in the rest of Asia is currently unclear due to limited data, given the widespread PFAS contamination in water and food sources in the studied areas of Asia, human exposure is highly likely. Beyond direct contamination, additional risk factors in certain Asian regions are likely to exacerbate exposure, including industrially impacted freshwater resources, self-supplied and untreated drinking waters, and high reliance on fish and seafood (including wastewater-fed fisheries) in some countries. Conversely, dietary patterns, such as vegetarianism in some regions (e.g. India), may influence PFAS exposure differently. Despite these concerns, PFAS regulations in Asia typically fall behind those in Western countries, resulting in significant gaps in risk assessment and regulatory oversight. There is also less pressure to systematically characterize exposure levels and associated health risks. This article examines the pathways of PFAS exposure in Asia, focussing on East Asia due to the availability of data. It examines the main factors contributing to exposure, including PFAS production and associated industries, as well as the consumption of contaminated food and water. The article also identifies future research needs aimed at enhancing the understanding and mitigation of PFAS risks in Asia.

PMID:40844315 | DOI:10.1039/d5em00396b

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Aug 21;303:118854. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118854. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Environmental xenobiotics comprising a wide array of natural and synthetic chemicals are an escalating global health concern due to their persistent presence in ecosystems and their profound impact on human liver health. The liver, as the body's principal detoxification organ, is especially vulnerable to these substances, which are commonly encountered through ingestion, inhalation, or dermal exposure. This review systematically categorizes key classes of environmental xenobiotics, including aflatoxins, alcohol, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, heavy metals, bisphenol A (BPA), aristolochic acids, cyanotoxins, and nitrosamines, based on their sources and chemical properties. Drawing from both human and experimental studies, we examine a spectrum of hepatic outcomes ranging from steatosis, fibrosis, and cholestatic injury to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Evidence from recent cohort studies and in vivo models highlights that even low-dose, chronic exposures can lead to subtle yet progressive liver dysfunction, often modulated by host factors such as sex, age, diet, and pre-existing metabolic conditions. Mechanistically, xenobiotics exert hepatotoxic effects through pathways including cytochrome P450-mediated bioactivation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, DNA damage, inflammation, and immune dysregulation. We further explore how these chemicals disrupt critical signaling pathways involving nuclear receptors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), ultimately interfering with lipid homeostasis and bile acid metabolism. Additionally, the role of the gut-liver axis emerges as a crucial mediator, with alterations in gut microbiota composition influencing xenobiotic bioavailability and hepatic inflammation. Co-exposure scenarios, such as concurrent infections with hepatitis B or C viruses, appear to amplify liver injury, highlighting the complexity of environmental and biological interactions in liver disease pathogenesis. Taken together, this review underscores the urgent need for interdisciplinary research spanning toxicology, epidemiology, and systems biology to better understand the multifaceted effects of xenobiotics on liver health. These insights are critical to inform public health policies, refine risk assessment frameworks, and develop targeted interventions to mitigate liver-related morbidity and mortality associated with environmental exposures.

PMID:40845633 | DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118854

Water Res. 2025 Aug 14;287(Pt B):124409. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2025.124409. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) systems can reduce the stress on groundwater resources by intentionally infiltrating and abstracting (surface) water for drinking water production. Organic micropollutant (OMP) removal and transformation products (TPs) formation in MAR depend on several factors, including their sorption and biodegradation potential. Via target and non-target analyses, we monitored OMPs (parent compounds + TPs) from infiltrated water to abstracted groundwater and drinking water. Our results show that MAR improves water quality, with 61 % of the 31 OMPs in the infiltrated water being removed by >90 %. However, persistent contaminants, including artificial sweeteners and PFAS, were not removed and reached drinking water. The charge state of hydrophilic OMPs determined transport, which was driven by electrostatic interactions with soil: positively charged OMPs were retained near the infiltration point, while negatively charged OMPs travelled to the groundwater abstraction wells. Our results reveal important blind spots in the standard list of priority OMPs measured to assess drinking water quality. Specifically, non-target analysis revealed 50 % more OMPs than those detected using target analysis, and uncovered many overlooked TPs. 46 TPs were detected in groundwater but were absent in infiltrated water, indicating possible OMP biodegradation in MAR. However, 28 possibly persistent TPs were also detected in the MAR system. Therefore, post-treatment technologies targeting persistent and mobile contaminants should be applied to complement MAR at the drinking water treatment plant. Our findings can contribute to optimizing MAR systems for improved OMP removal and highlight the need for a more comprehensive approach to water quality assessment for cleaner drinking water production.

PMID:40845682 | DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2025.124409

Environ Health. 2025 Aug 20;24(1):59. doi: 10.1186/s12940-025-01214-2.

ABSTRACT

This commentary argues that the field of criminology can aid in addressing PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) pollution, providing levers to achieve public health aims of drastically lowering and abating new PFAS emissions while addressing historic exposure. Based on a European example of the large DuPont de Nemours (now Chemours) industrial facility in Dordrecht, the Netherlands, we frame the history of PFAS exposures as a crime. We discuss how PFAS pollution emerged in part due to knowledge asymmetries, perpetuated by the close alignment of corporate and governmental interests, and the fragmentation of regulatory enforcement, both historic and contemporary.

PMID:40836338 | PMC:PMC12366152 | DOI:10.1186/s12940-025-01214-2

Int J Surg. 2025 Aug 20. doi: 10.1097/JS9.0000000000003256. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:40839043 | DOI:10.1097/JS9.0000000000003256

Environ Sci Technol. 2025 Aug 21. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5c06532. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Epidemiological studies link per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to reduced preimplantation embryo quality, yet experimental evidence and mechanistic insights remain limited. Compaction is a pivotal event in the morula stage of preimplantation development. This study established a phenotypic screening platform using circularity of morula-like aggregates derived from mouse expanded pluripotent stem cells to screen PFAS that may disrupt compaction. Among the 19 tested PFAS, five were identified to be positive hits, and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) showed the most pronounced effect. PFOA inhibited the expression of adhesion molecules and disrupted the cell polarity in morula-like aggregates at 100 nM, and it reduced the proportion of high-quality aggregates at 10 nM. Similar effects were observed in mouse embryos. Mechanistically, PFOA interfered with c-MYC/MAX complex formation with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 22.3 μM, and inhibited its transcriptional activity with the lowest effective concentration of 40 μM, comparable to that of the commercial inhibitor 10074-G5. c-MYC overexpression rescued PFOA-induced damage in morula-like aggregates. The c-MYC inhibitor 10074-G5 impaired cell adhesion and polarization in both morula-like aggregates at 1000 nM and mouse embryos at 5 μM. Our study reveals that PFAS can disrupt embryo compaction via inhibiting the c-MYC, which may contribute to the reduced preimplantation embryo quality.

PMID:40839765 | DOI:10.1021/acs.est.5c06532

Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2025 Aug;42(8):1121-1129. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2025.2536262. Epub 2025 Jul 25.

ABSTRACT

The goal of this study was to investigate the occurrence and levels of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in meat, poultry, catfish and eggs from the US market. To this aim, 86 food samples were purchased from grocery stores around Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA and tested for 74 PFAS, including legacy and emerging PFAS, short-chain alternatives, precursors, and breakdown products. The method detection limits were 0.002-8 ng/g, depending on matrix and analyte. For beef, chicken, pork, and eggs, 10 samples each from conventional and organic production were tested. No PFAS were detected in eggs, chicken, and pork samples. PFOS was found in 25% of the tested beef samples at 0.057 - 0.145 ng/g wet weight, below the maximum level established by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Twelve PFAS (FBSA, FOSA, C₉ - C₁₆ PFCA, PFOS, and PFDS) were found in one catfish sample with a total amount of 1.8 ng/g wet weight, dominated by PFOS (52% of the total amount). The highest level of PFOS measured in catfish (0.94 ng/g) was below the EFSA maximum level of 7 ng/g. However, calculated estimated weekly intake values for this catfish sample were nearly equal to the EFSA tolerable weekly intake value of 4.4 ng/kg body weight/week. Detection of PFAS precursors highlights the need to include these PFAS in future monitoring efforts. The information generated on PFAS occurrence and levels contributes to our understanding of the presence of these contaminants in US foods and helps to estimate the contribution of diet to overall human exposure to PFAS.

PMID:40834330 | DOI:10.1080/19440049.2025.2536262

Sci Total Environ. 2025 Aug 19;998:180253. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180253. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Backyard chicken eggs are widely consumed worldwide, while they are also used as pollution bio-indicators for different groups of chemicals. In this study, home-produced eggs were collected from 17 chicken coops around Greece and analyzed for 46 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), heavy metals, pesticide, and pharmaceutical residues. The number of PFAS detected per sample ranged from 17 to 24, while the mean concentration of Σ₄₆PFAS was 7.67 μg/kg ww. Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids contributed to 43 % of the total concentration, followed by perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (26 %) and perfluoroalkanelsulfonamides (16 %). Polyfluoroethercarboxylic acids, polyfluoroethersulfonic acids, and perfluoro alkyl phosphonic acids were detected occasionally and at low concentrations. Concerning the occurrence of individual PFAS, the highest mean concentrations were detected for PFOS (0.996 μg/kg ww), PFHxS (0.799 μg/kg ww), and PFBA (0.742 μg/kg ww). LC-QTOF-MS analysis indicated the co-presence of 6 pesticides and 5 pharmaceuticals in collected samples. Among pesticides, dinoterb and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) were found in all samples. DEET had the highest average concentration (8.25 μg/kg ww). Oxolinic acid was the most often detected pharmaceutical, with an average concentration of 1.03 μg/kg ww. The concentrations of heavy metals were low, and did not pose a threat to public health. In contrast, significant health concerns were raised due to the presence of PFAS, only 8 out of 17 samples were compliant to the limit set by the EU for eggs, while the mean PFAS weekly intake through eggs for adolescents and elderly exceeded EFSA's tolerable weekly intake.

PMID:40834524 | DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180253

Sci Am. 2025 Sep 1;333(2):20. doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican092025-2e4l6i3xvj9mzIo7uhtMZk.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:40828064 | DOI:10.1038/scientificamerican092025-2e4l6i3xvj9mzIo7uhtMZk

Chem Res Toxicol. 2025 Aug 19. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5c00199. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) is a persistent environmental pollutant in the per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) class, known to accumulate in the liver and trigger hepatotoxicity. While in vitro studies suggested that fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) drive the hepatic accumulation of PFAS, in vivo evidence is entirely lacking. Using wild-type and mice with global deletion of liver-type and intestine-type FABP (L-FABP^-/-, I-FABP^-/-), we measured PFOS toxicokinetics by administering single oral doses (0.1, 0.5, and 5 mg/kg) and tracking blood and excreta levels for 65 days. PFOS levels in various tissues were measured at test end. Additionally, we measured PFAS binding to liver tissues from wild-type and FABP knockout mice. Contrary to previous in vitro findings, FABP deletion did not significantly alter PFOS blood concentrations, tissue distribution, or elimination rates. Elimination half-lives, clearances, and volumes of distribution were consistent across genotypes, suggesting that neither L-FABP nor I-FABP are critical drivers for PFOS in vivo toxicokinetics. In vitro binding assays showed similar liver partition coefficients between wild-type and knockout livers for 15 of 19 PFAS, with small differences for some sulfonamides and fluorotelomer sulfonates. These results challenge the presumed role of L-FABP and/or I-FABP in PFAS toxicokinetics, highlighting the need to explore alternative toxicokinetic mechanisms─such as phospholipid binding and transporter-mediated uptake─driving PFAS distribution and elimination.

PMID:40828089 | DOI:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5c00199

J Hazard Mater. 2025 Aug 13;497:139551. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139551. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Although three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems serve as ideal platforms for cancer research by recapitulating key aspects of the tumor microenvironment, their broader applicability and reliability in environmental toxicology and risk assessment require further validation. Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), a representative short-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS), remains insufficiently characterized in terms of its health hazards, contributing to the delay in regulatory actions. In this study, we investigated and compared the oncogenic effects of PFHxA on MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells with conventional 2D culture and 3D hydrogel culture. The results demonstrated that PFHxA exhibited a more pronounced potential for cancer-associated cellular behaviors in a more physiologically relevant 3D culture environment, and the differences could be attributed to the activated EMT process induced by Hippo/YAP signaling. Based on the direct comparison between two different cultures, our study provides experimental evidence supporting the necessity of employing 3D culture systems in toxicological research. These findings also imply that PFHxA under debate may require stricter regulation in the future.

PMID:40829400 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139551

J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 2025 Aug 18. doi: 10.1021/jasms.5c00098. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

We explore the protective effects of adding CO₂ to the N₂ carrier gas when we conduct differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) analysis of fragile ions. A selection of fragile analytes of varying chemistries were chosen from our lab inventory and include protonated glycine, methylbenzyl ammonium, methoxybenzylpyridinium, the protonated 2-pentanone dimer, deprotonated GenX (a perfluoroalkyl substance; PFAS), and deprotonated trifluoroacetic acid. By raising the separation voltage or the carrier gas temperature, conditions were set to induce fragmentation of the analyte ions within the DMS collision cell. Subsequently introducing CO₂ into the N₂ carrier gas at concentrations ranging from 10 - 70% mitigated ion fragmentation and resulted in signal intensity gains of multiple orders of magnitude. Interestingly, stabilization of the fragile ions sometimes occurred without introducing significant ionogram peak shifts (i.e., shifts of less than 1 V), indicating that these ions exhibit relatively weak interactions with the CO₂ modifier. Electronic structure calculations yield Gibbs binding energies of ca. - 1 kJ mol^-1 under the DMS conditions employed, further supporting the hypothesis that dynamic ion-CO₂ clustering is not the root cause of the observed protective effect. The addition of CO₂ was also found to stabilize noncovalently bound dimers, presumably generated at the ionization source. These results indicate that, in these examples, CO₂ cools the ions in the energetic DMS environment via momentum transfer and energy partitioning, and that introducing CO₂ into DMS gas mixtures could enable the stabilization, separation, and analysis of fragile analytes.

PMID:40824200 | DOI:10.1021/jasms.5c00098

Breast Cancer Res. 2025 Aug 18;27(1):148. doi: 10.1186/s13058-025-02103-9.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may be carcinogenic, and animal studies demonstrate their harmful effects on mammary gland development. Terminal ductal lobular units (TDLUs) are the structures that produce milk following childbirth, and involution of TDLUs normally occurs with aging. Most breast cancers arise from TDLUs, and a greater degree of TDLU involution may be associated with lower breast cancer risk. We estimated associations between PFAS concentrations and TDLU involution in normal breast tissue samples.

METHODS: Concentrations of seven PFAS were measured in serum provided by a subset of 263 cancer-free volunteer participants from the Susan G. Komen for the Cure Tissue Bank (KTB) who were postmenopausal, not currently using hormone therapy, and had available TDLU measurements made by a trained pathologist examining H&E stained section of a core biopsy sample of tissue from the outer upper quadrant of a single breast. Bayesian kernel machine regression and quantile-G computation were used to estimate covariate-adjusted associations between the PFAS mixture and measures of TDLU involution (presence of TDLUs, number of observed TDLUs, and median TDLU span) within this population and with stratification on parity and breastfeeding history.

RESULTS: TDLUs were observed in breast tissue samples of 40.3% (N = 106) of the study population, with similar PFAS concentrations between participants with and without observed TDLUs. No strong, statistically significant associations were observed between individual PFAS and presence of observed TDLUs. The overall effect of the PFAS mixture suggested an inverted U-shaped association with odds of observed TDLUs, although this was not statistically significant (β = 0.03 95% CI -2.75, 2.81; p = 0.98). Among the subgroup of parous women, stratified analyses suggested a positive association between the PFAS mixture and observed TDLUs among those who had ever breastfed, but a slightly negative association among those who had never breastfed.

CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our analysis does not support meaningful effects of PFAS on TDLU involution, although we note that these findings are not applicable to premenopausal women or to postmenopausal women using hormone therapy.

PMID:40826074 | PMC:PMC12363039 | DOI:10.1186/s13058-025-02103-9

Environ Health. 2025 Aug 18;24(1):58. doi: 10.1186/s12940-025-01213-3.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large class of synthetic chemicals with ubiquitous human exposure. Maternal PFAS exposure has been linked with adverse birth outcomes, but their associations with preterm birth (PTB) remained ambiguous.

METHODS: To assess the associations of individual and mixed PFAS exposure with preterm birth (PTB) and its subtypes (spontaneous and iatrogenic), a nested case-control study involving 177 PTB cases and 531 controls was conducted in Shanghai, China. Serum concentration of seven PFAS were measured in early pregnancy via ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). PTB, gestational weeks and birth weight were obtained from electronic medical record system. Conditional logistic regression and restricted cubic spline regression (RCS) were used for individual assessment. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, quantile-based g-computation (QGC), and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were conducted for PFAS mixture. Subtype analysis and sex stratified analysis were further examined.

RESULTS: Both individually and in mixtures, significant associations were observed between elevated PFAS concentrations and increased PTB risk, along with reduced gestational weeks and lower birth weight. The WQS, QGC, and BKMR identified perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), per-fluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) as the major contributors, with PFOA being particularly significant. Moreover, higher risks of PFAS-associated PTB were observed in the iatrogenic PTB subgroup and pregnant women with male infants.

CONCLUSION: Maternal exposure to PFAS, whether individually or in mixtures, was significantly associated with increased risk of PTB. These associations might be subtype-specific and sex-specific. Further research is needed to validate our results and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12940-025-01213-3.

PMID:40826094 | PMC:PMC12363060 | DOI:10.1186/s12940-025-01213-3

mBio. 2025 Aug 18:e0179825. doi: 10.1128/mbio.01798-25. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

There is intense interest in biodegrading fluorinated pesticides and other commercial products, some of which are per- and poly-fluorinated alkyl substances, or PFAS. Enzymatic carbon-fluorine bond cleavage via hydrolytic, reductive, and eliminative mechanisms generates an organic product, fluoride anion, and a proton. Biodegradation is typically determined by tracking the organic product using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) or the anion determined by a fluoride-specific electrode. Here, we monitored the protons that are produced. A pH indicator method was developed using a hydrolytic defluorinase from Delftia acidovorans strain B in purified form or expressed recombinantly in Pseudomonas putida ATCC 12633. The method was also shown to be effective with P. putida F1 catalyzing oxygenative defluorination with α,α,α-trifluorotoluene. P. putida ATCC 12633 strains expressing different recombinant defluorinases showed differential growth and coloration on agar plates containing bromothymol blue and a fluorinated substrate. A purified defluorinase with a high pH optimum was assayed using the pH indicator m-cresol purple to identify six new substrates, one of which is a PFAS. LC-MS and fluoride electrode determinations require a single sample work-up and milliliter volumes. The proton monitoring methods described here can be performed in a microliter high-throughput format. It can also be used in solid matrices such as hydrogels. Although less rigorously quantitative than the single determination methods, rapid screening methods as described here are currently needed by researchers seeking to identify and characterize new microbes and enzymes able to biodegrade commercially relevant PFAS.IMPORTANCEFluorinated compounds are widespread as pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and legacy chemicals. Human health and ecosystem health problems arise from exposure to these chemicals. Currently, there is great interest in reducing exposure via bioremediation, and this is spurring efforts in screening for C-F bond-cleaving microbes and enzymes. C-F bond cleavage produces fluoride and a proton. Fluoride determination is difficult in many matrices and involves milliliter volumes and single-sample determinations. Here, proton release by enzymes and microbes was monitored on agar, in hydrogels, and in a microliter liquid high-throughput screening format. Six new substrates were identified for one microbial defluorinase enzyme.

PMID:40823825 | DOI:10.1128/mbio.01798-25

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Aug 15;303:118866. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118866. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent organic pollutants. Evidence supporting the association between PFAS concentrations and lipid levels has been reported; however, a comprehensive study of the intricate association between PFAS exposure and hypercholesterolemia is still lacking. We analyzed the data of 2292 adults from the 2015-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Multivariate logistic regression, weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, quantile g-computation (Qgcomp), and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were used to assess the association of single and multiple exposures to PFAS with the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia among U.S. adults. For the single PFAS exposure analysis, multivariate logistic regression analysis results showed that exposure to ln-transformed perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) were significantly and positively associated with the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in the overall population (odds ratio (OR)_LnPFHxS: 1.20, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.05-1.36; OR_LnPFOA: 1.21, 95 % CI: 1.03-1.41; OR_LnPFOS: 1.18, 95 % CI: 1.03-1.34). For the PFAS mixture exposure analysis, the WQS (OR: 1.16, 95 % CI: 1.00-1.35) and Qgcomp (OR: 1.17, 95 % CI: 1.03-1.32) models consistently confirmed the positive effect of combined exposure to multiple PFAS on the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, with LnPFHxS being the main contributor. In the BKMR model, a positive association trend was observed between mixture PFAS and hypercholesterolemia, along with interactions among PFAS. In conclusion, our study suggests that higher PFAS concentrations may increase the risk of hypercholesterolemia in U.S. adults; however, further prospective studies are required to demonstrate this.

PMID:40818374 | DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118866

Chemosphere. 2025 Aug 15;386:144642. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144642. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Wildlife harvested for human consumption in areas with environmental contamination may pose risks to human health. We assessed levels of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in wild white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), an important food source in Minnesota, U.S. Liver samples (n = 116) collected from deer harvested by hunters near three PFAS-impacted sites were screened for 40 PFAS. Seventeen PFAS compounds were detected at least once in liver samples, with PFOS found in 100 % of liver samples, and PFDA and PFBA detected in over 50 % of liver samples. The seven PFAS found in liver samples above 1 ng/g (and their maximum concentrations) were PFOS (96.0 ng/g), 6:2 FTS (48.4 ng/g), PFBA (9.14 ng/g), NFDHA (5.75 ng/g), PFOA (4.84 ng/g), PFHxS (2.78 ng/g), and PFHpA (2.42 ng/g). Statistically significant differences in PFAS concentrations were found between sites; PFAS profiles were generally consistent with the known or suspected PFAS sources at the three sites. Total PFAS concentrations also differed between deer life stage-sex groups, with adult males having significantly higher concentrations of total PFAS compared to adult females and male fawns. To assess human consumption potential, paired deer muscle samples were evaluated when liver PFOS reached a concentration threshold of ≥20 ng/g (n = 17 muscle samples). PFOS was the most frequently detected PFAS in muscle (88 % detection frequency), with PFOS liver levels approximately two orders of magnitude higher than in the paired muscle tissue. These data are important for determining if public health interventions, such as localized consumption advisories, are warranted.

PMID:40818384 | DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144642

Chem Res Toxicol. 2025 Aug 14. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5c00183. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Per- and poly fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have become a global concern due to their persistence in the environment, contaminating drinking water, air, and soil. Human exposure to PFAS can potentially cause adverse effects due to its bioaccumulation and nonbiodegradability. To fully understand the role of PFAS in human health conditions, it is important to elucidate their roles in cellular toxicity and biotransformation pathways. Noncovalent complexation of PFAS to proteins is one potential mode of toxicity that can be investigated by comparing structural differences between native and bound proteins. In this work, we perform collision-induced unfolding (CIU) using a cyclic ion mobility-mass spectrometer (cIM-MS) to measure the effects of PFAS binding on protein structure. CIU characterizes the unfolding pathway of analytes by measuring changes in analyte size and shape as a function of increasing activation energy. The CIU results of different species can then be compared to determine potential structural changes. This method is demonstrated using ubiquitin as a model protein and three related PFAS: perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). All three PFAS have the same sulfonate headgroup but different fluorinated chain lengths. We observed both qualitative and quantitative differences in ubiquitin unfolding based on the number of bound PFAS molecules as well as the PFAS chain length, suggesting that these molecules are not necessarily passive when associated with protein. Primarily, our results demonstrate a rapid, targeted analysis that can characterize the noncovalent complexation of toxins to biological molecules.

PMID:40814197 | DOI:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5c00183

Environ Int. 2025 Aug 11;203:109723. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2025.109723. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Upon exposure, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) accumulate in the body. One-time point measurement of POPs plasma concentrations can reflect body burden. This study aimed to assess whether maternal factors including age, breastfeeding, and weight, influence changes in plasma concentrations of POPs in women during critical periods of physical changes from pregnancy to 15-60 months after delivery.

METHODS: Ninety-nine self-identified Hispanic women who were diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and originally enrolled in the GDM cohort study in 1993-1995 were included in this study. Plasma concentrations of 21 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 7 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), 5 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (BB153), and 6 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were quantified in archived samples collected in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy and post-delivery (81.8 % were from 15 months after delivery, the rest were from 30-60 months post-delivery). Multivariable linear regression was used to analyze associations of maternal factors such as weight change, age and breastfeeding status after delivery with changes in POPs concentrations from 3rd trimester of pregnancy to the post-delivery visit.

RESULTS: From pregnancy to post-delivery period, plasma concentrations of 4 PBDEs and 6 PFAS significantly increased, while those of 20 PCBs, all OCPs and BB153 significantly decreased (all p-values < 0.05). Additionally, older age and breastfeeding after delivery were significantly associated with greater reduction in concentrations of PCBs, OCPs, and BB153 from pregnancy to the post-delivery period, whereas weight loss was associated with a smaller reduction in these POPs (all p-values < 0.05). Post-delivery weight gain was associated with greater elevation in concentrations of 2-(N-methylperfluorooctane sulfonamido) acetate and branched isomers of perfluorooctane sulfonate.

CONCLUSION: Concentrations of PCBs, OCPs, and BB153 declined more in older women and those who breastfed their newborns, whereas the decline was smaller among women who lost more weight after delivery.

PMID:40816047 | DOI:10.1016/j.envint.2025.109723

Environ Int. 2025 Aug 11;203:109723. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2025.109723. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Upon exposure, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) accumulate in the body. One-time point measurement of POPs plasma concentrations can reflect body burden. This study aimed to assess whether maternal factors including age, breastfeeding, and weight, influence changes in plasma concentrations of POPs in women during critical periods of physical changes from pregnancy to 15-60 months after delivery.

METHODS: Ninety-nine self-identified Hispanic women who were diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and originally enrolled in the GDM cohort study in 1993-1995 were included in this study. Plasma concentrations of 21 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 7 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), 5 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (BB153), and 6 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were quantified in archived samples collected in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy and post-delivery (81.8 % were from 15 months after delivery, the rest were from 30-60 months post-delivery). Multivariable linear regression was used to analyze associations of maternal factors such as weight change, age and breastfeeding status after delivery with changes in POPs concentrations from 3rd trimester of pregnancy to the post-delivery visit.

RESULTS: From pregnancy to post-delivery period, plasma concentrations of 4 PBDEs and 6 PFAS significantly increased, while those of 20 PCBs, all OCPs and BB153 significantly decreased (all p-values < 0.05). Additionally, older age and breastfeeding after delivery were significantly associated with greater reduction in concentrations of PCBs, OCPs, and BB153 from pregnancy to the post-delivery period, whereas weight loss was associated with a smaller reduction in these POPs (all p-values < 0.05). Post-delivery weight gain was associated with greater elevation in concentrations of 2-(N-methylperfluorooctane sulfonamido) acetate and branched isomers of perfluorooctane sulfonate.

CONCLUSION: Concentrations of PCBs, OCPs, and BB153 declined more in older women and those who breastfed their newborns, whereas the decline was smaller among women who lost more weight after delivery.

PMID:40816047 | DOI:10.1016/j.envint.2025.109723

J Hazard Mater. 2025 Aug 5;496:139453. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139453. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent pollutants with rising concern due to their stability and toxicity. The production of novel PFAS with shorter carbon chains in the environment raises concerns related to their stability and their potential toxicity in organisms. This study examines the effects of hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid ammonium (HFPO-DA, or GenX) on the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis under different salinity conditions. Mussels were exposed to environmentally relevant HFPO-DA concentrations, and multiple biomarkers were assessed: these include oxidative stress responses and damages, as well as neurotoxicity and histological damages. Results show that salinity strongly modulates toxicity: hyposaline conditions activated robust antioxidant defenses and increased respiration, while intermediate and high salinities led to greater metabolic disruption and cellular damage. At the highest concentration of HFPO-DA at intermediate salinities, mussels favored non-enzymatic antioxidant responses over enzymatic activity. These findings reveal a complex interplay between salinity and PFAS toxicity and underscore the need to integrate environmental variability into ecotoxicological risk assessments. Therefore, both climate change and PFAS pollution in estuarine ecosystems require urgent, context-sensitive mitigation strategies.

PMID:40816170 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139453

J Hazard Mater. 2025 Aug 7;496:139485. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139485. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microbial iron reduction regulates biogeochemical cycles in anoxic environments, yet it is increasingly threatened by the widespread presence of environmental pollutants. Among these, the impact of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on iron-reducing bacteria is often overlooked. This study investigated the toxicological mechanisms of three PFAS: long-chain perfluorooctanoic acid, short-chain perfluorobutanoic acid, and hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid, on Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, while delineating how their distinct chain lengths/structures disrupt extracellular electron transfer pathways. At 20 mg/L, all PFAS exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition of bacterial growth and significantly suppressed dissimilatory iron reduction (DIR) efficiency. Cellular analyses revealed all three PFAS undermined cell structural integrity, increased membrane permeability, and triggered oxidative damage. Critically, PFAS exposure impairs the biosynthesis of electron transport chain components, including c-type cytochromes and riboflavin, thereby reducing electron transfer efficiency and disrupting DIR. Transcriptomic profiling corroborated that PFAS-induced downregulation of electron transport chain-related genes and revealed multi-level toxicity mechanisms, including inhibited ribosome biogenesis, impaired energy metabolism, and dysregulated amino acid conversion. Furthermore, PFAS mixtures exhibited synergistic toxicity to iron-reducing bacteria, highlighting potential ecological risks at environmentally relevant concentrations. These findings advance our understanding of PFAS ecotoxicity and highlight their potential to impair microbial processes critical to elemental cycling in anoxic ecosystems.

PMID:40816183 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139485

Front Public Health. 2025 Jul 30;13:1575418. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1575418. eCollection 2025.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: This study systematically assess the potential impact of various environmental pollutants as chemical, airborne, and heavy metal on ovarian function in women, focusing on ovarian reserve such as anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and antral follicle count (AFC) as well as hormone levels like follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol (E2). By reviewing epidemiological evidence, this research aims to elucidate the reproductive toxicity of these pollutants and provide scientific support for public health policy to protect reproductive health in women of childbearing age.

METHODS: Following the PRISMA-P guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases to include all relevant studies up to July 30, 2024. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach were used to assess study quality.

RESULTS: This study ultimately included 40 cohort study reports derived from 33 distinct studies that analyzed the effects of 20 pollutant types on ovarian function. Results indicate that pollutants, such as perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), phthalates (PAEs), triclosan, Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), PM2.5, and SO_X, have a significantly negative impact on ovarian function, especially among younger women (<35 years). Long-term exposure to particulate matter (PM)2.5 and PM10 is associated with a substantial decrease in ovarian reserve, while heavy metals (e.g., lead and cadmium) also demonstrate reproductive toxicity. However, these conclusions require validation due to both methodological limitations in the original studies (e.g., heterogeneous exposure assessments and residual confounding) and challenges in evidence synthesis (e.g., inconsistent outcome measures across cohorts), highlighting the need for further research to address these constraints.

CONCLUSION: This review underscores that specific pollutants (e.g., PCBs, PFAS, PM) pose substantial risks to reproductive health in women of childbearing age, particularly in highly polluted environments. The findings underscore the importance of regular ovarian health monitoring, especially for women at higher risk due to occupational or environmental factors.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42024567744 (accessible at https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42024567744).

PMID:40809751 | PMC:PMC12343636 | DOI:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1575418

Environ Syst Res (Heidelb). 2025;14(1):18. doi: 10.1186/s40068-025-00411-9. Epub 2025 Aug 11.

ABSTRACT

There is growing awareness of the environmental presence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and their harmful effects on animals and humans. Recent studies have revealed changes in human embryonic stem cells and maternal biomarkers, underscoring the severity and unpredictable outcomes associated with long-term exposure to PFAS. Monitoring efforts continually identify additional PFAS compounds worldwide, but a standardized and unified approach is still lacking. Traditional treatment methods such as adsorption and membrane filtration have been effective in removing 80-95% of PFAS from wastewater. However, complete removal of short-chain PFAS remains limited to a few recently developed techniques. The inability of advanced treatment methods to eliminate emerging short-chain and ultrashort-chain PFAS suggests the need for more integrated approaches that target all PFAS classes. Additionally, a few studies have discussed the potential toxicity outcomes of these treatments at both laboratory and full-scale levels. While advanced oxidative processes (AOPs) are rapidly gaining attention for degrading 90-100% of PFAS in sewage, it remains challenging to fully break down PFAS into non-toxic, mineralized products such as CO₂ and H₂O due to the strong C-F bonds and the potential toxicity of by-products in post-treated wastewater. Standardized and reliable bioassays for assessing PFAS toxicity are still under development, and current predictive models linking molecular structure to human health effects are at an early stage. This review examines the emerging health and ecological risks associated with both legacy and novel PFAS, alongside recent advances and limitations in individual and combined treatment technologies for water and wastewater. Emphasis is placed on the potential toxicity of degradation products, highlighting the need for more integrated and comprehensive toxicity assessments to guide safer PFAS remediation strategies.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40068-025-00411-9.

PMID:40810051 | PMC:PMC12339656 | DOI:10.1186/s40068-025-00411-9

Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Jul 23;26(15):7085. doi: 10.3390/ijms26157085.

ABSTRACT

Environmental exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) has been increasingly associated with skin disorders, including atopic dermatitis (AD); however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)-two widely detected PFASs-on epidermal function and gene expression in Human Epithelial Keratinocyte, neonatal (HEKn). We assessed cell viability, morphology, and transcriptomic changes using in vitro assays and RNA-seq analysis from a neonatal cohort. PFASs induced dose-dependent cytotoxicity and downregulation of barrier-related genes. Ingenuity pathway analysis identified calcitriol as a suppressed upstream regulator. Functional validation revealed that calcitriol partially reversed the PFAS-induced suppression of antimicrobial peptide genes. These findings support the hypothesis that PFASs may contribute to AD-like skin pathology by impairing vitamin D receptor signaling and antimicrobial defense, and calcitriol demonstrates potential as a protective modulator. This study provides mechanistic insights into the impact of environmental toxicants on skin homeostasis and suggests a potential protective role for calcitriol in PFAS-induced skin barrier damage.

PMID:40806218 | PMC:PMC12346516 | DOI:10.3390/ijms26157085

Molecules. 2025 Jul 29;30(15):3166. doi: 10.3390/molecules30153166.

ABSTRACT

The rapid growth of plant-based biodegradable tableware, driven by plastic restrictions, necessitates rigorous safety assessments of potential chemical contaminants like per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). This study comprehensively evaluated PFAS contamination risks in commercial sugarcane pulp tableware, focusing on the residues of five target PFASs (PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHxA, PFPeA) and their migration behavior under simulated use and takeout conditions. An analysis of 22 samples revealed elevated levels of total fluorine (TF: 33.7-163.6 mg/kg) exceeding the EU limit (50 mg/kg) in 31% of products. While sporadic PFOA residues surpassed the EU single compound limit (0.025 mg/kg) in 9% of samples (16.1-25.5 μg/kg), the levels of extractable organic fluorine (EOF: 4.9-17.4 mg/kg) and the low EOF/TF ratio (3.19-10.4%) indicated inorganic fluorides as the primary TF source. Critically, the migration of all target PFASs into food simulants (water, 4% acetic acid, 50% ethanol, 95% ethanol) under standardized use conditions was minimal (PFOA: 0.52-0.70 μg/kg; PFPeA: 0.54-0.63 μg/kg; others < LOQ). Even under aggressive simulated takeout scenarios (50 °C oscillation for 12 h + 12 h storage at 25 °C), PFOA migration reached only 0.99 ± 0.01 μg/kg in 95% ethanol. All migrated levels were substantially (>15-fold) below typical safety thresholds (e.g., 0.01 mg/kg). These findings demonstrate that, despite concerning residue levels in some products pointing to manufacturing contamination sources, migration during typical and even extended use scenarios poses negligible immediate consumer risk. This study underscores the need for stricter quality control targeting PFOA and inorganic fluoride inputs in sugarcane pulp tableware production.

PMID:40807343 | PMC:PMC12348458 | DOI:10.3390/molecules30153166

World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2025 Aug 14;41(8):311. doi: 10.1007/s11274-025-04529-x.

ABSTRACT

Landfill leachate contains high concentrations of ammonia, organic nitrogen, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which seriously threaten the surrounding ecosystem and human health. The potential degradation of PFAS within conventional nitrification-denitrification, heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification, and Anammox-mediated systems will be summarized with focusing on the responses of various microorganisms to PFAS stress in the current review. A thorough analysis of landfill leachate composition is essential for selecting the appropriate treatment systems and anticipating the hurdles associated with their implementation. This review will show the key reasons that can impede the effectiveness of anammox-mediated systems, such as leachate composition, ambient temperature, and operating conditions, and recommend control strategies to address these challenges. The knowledge gaps in current research, prospects, and the challenges that need to be addressed to achieve a sustainable and robust treatment approach for the simultaneous removal of nitrogen and PFAS from leachate will be highlighted. This review emphasizes the current biological systems for nitrogen removal from landfill leachate, with a specific focus on the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) process and its innovative combinations as promising solutions for achieving highly efficient nitrogen removal performance, PFAS removal, reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and minimizing energy consumption.

PMID:40804600 | DOI:10.1007/s11274-025-04529-x

Environ Sci Technol. 2025 Aug 14. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5c01354. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Over the past decade, global contamination from per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has become apparent due to their detection in countless matrices worldwide, from consumer products to human blood to drinking water. As researchers implement nontargeted analyses (NTA) to more fully understand the PFAS present in the environment and human bodies, clear guidance is needed for consistent and objective reporting of the identified molecules. Confidence levels for small molecules analyzed and identified with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) have existed since 2014; however, unification of currently used levels and improved guidance for their application is needed due to inconsistencies in reporting and continuing innovations in analytical methods. Here, we (i) investigate current practices for confidence level reporting of PFAS identified with liquid chromatography (LC), gas chromatography (GC), and/or ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) coupled with HRMS and (ii) propose a simple, unified confidence level guidance that incorporates both PFAS-specific attributes and IMS collision cross section (CCS) values.

PMID:40808630 | DOI:10.1021/acs.est.5c01354

Food Chem X. 2025 Jul 29;29:102843. doi: 10.1016/j.fochx.2025.102843. eCollection 2025 Jul.

ABSTRACT

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent, potentially harmful synthetic chemicals. While they can accumulate in foodstuffs, current monitoring often targets only a few compounds, likely underestimating dietary exposure. In this study, 58 food samples from Europe and North Africa-including commercial products and items from known European contamination hotspots-were analyzed using a validated high-resolution mass spectrometry workflow combining suspect screening (SS) and non-targeted screening (NTS). Seventeen PFAS were confirmed through SS, with up to 15 different PFAS in fish samples from hotspots. While NTS revealed four additional fluorinated substances: Perfluoropropanoic acid (PFPrA) detected in 48 % of samples, 6:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTS), Fipronil, and Fipronil sulfone. These results highlight the geographical variability of PFAS contamination in food and demonstrate the value of combined SS/NTS approaches in identifying both known and emerging PFAS, supporting more comprehensive, regulation-aligned risk assessments.

PMID:40809719 | PMC:PMC12345881 | DOI:10.1016/j.fochx.2025.102843

Chem Commun (Camb). 2025 Aug 13. doi: 10.1039/d5cc03353e. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are known for their strong surface activity, making it easy for them to disrupt cellular membranes. Here, we examine how perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), one of the most widespread PFAS species in the environment, interacts with phase-separated ternary vesicles as a model system for cellular membranes. We show experimentally that PFOA induces rapid fission of the vesicles along the phase boundary. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the mechanism behind the fission process is attributed to a drastic change in the spontaneous curvature of the vesicle upon interacting with PFOA. Our findings reveal the significance of PFAS on the dynamics of phase-separated vesicles, implying a potential disruptive impact of PFAS exposure on cellular membranes.

PMID:40813309 | DOI:10.1039/d5cc03353e

ACS ES T Water. 2025 Jun 13;5(8):4435-4447. doi: 10.1021/acsestwater.5c00094. eCollection 2025 Aug 8.

ABSTRACT

The persistence and water mobility of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have led authorities worldwide to lower regulatory limits to prevent adverse health effects. Removal via adsorption on activated carbon can be inefficient due to the unspecific surface interaction, while ion exchange resins with positive charges and hydrophobic chains can offer faster kinetics and improved removal. In here, novel cationic resins were synthesized by cross-linking polyethylenimine, followed by methylation. To obtain cross-linked particles and introduce hydrophobic interacting moieties in one single synthetic step, aliphatic, fluorous, and silicone-based oligoethers were used as cross-linkers. These cationic adsorbents were compared with two state-of-the-art strong base gel-type ion exchange resins and granular activated carbon in isotherm and kinetic studies. The newly developed adsorbents showed significantly faster removals of all tested long- and short-chain PFAS. The fluorous cationic adsorbent achieved equilibrium loadings that were comparable to those of the state-of-the-art adsorbents for all PFAS with five or more perfluorinated carbon atoms.

PMID:40808832 | PMC:PMC12340944 | DOI:10.1021/acsestwater.5c00094

Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2025 Aug 8;46(8):5092-5102. doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202407091.

ABSTRACT

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances （PFAS）, as a class of emerging environmental contaminants, have garnered significant attention because of their widespread presence. With some legacy PFAS phased out, novel PFAS are increasingly produced and utilized. However, research on the pollution characteristics, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification of these emerging ones remains limited. A total of 29 PFAS, including 11 emerging PFAS, in seawater and organism samples （collected from the Bohai Sea） were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （HPLC-MS/MS） to study their pollution characteristics, bioaccumulation, and trophic level amplification. The results showed that 12 PFAS were detected in the seawater with ΣPFAS concentrations of 23.06-78.81 ng·L^-1. Perfluorooctanoic acid （PFOA） was the main component, closely followed by perfluorobutanoic acid （PFBA）, perfluoropentanoic acid （PFPeA）, and hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid （HFPO-DA）. There were 21 PFAS found in marine organisms, with ΣPFAS levels （calculated in dw） ranging from 2.79 to 259.51 ng·g^-1. PFOA was the main component, followed by perfluorooctane sulfonic acid （PFOS）, HFPO-DA, and perfluoroundecanoic acid （PFUnDA）. The highest PFAS contamination levels were observed in shellfish. PFOS demonstrated the strongest bioaccumulation, and its average bioaccumulation factor （BAF） had exceeded the benchmark of extraordinary bioaccumulation. For different species, plankton exhibited the strongest bioaccumulation ability. Biomagnification results showed that PFOS had biomagnification ability in this food chain （web）, and its main substitute, 6∶2Cl-PFESA, exhibited biomagnification potential, whereas PFHxS, PFOA, PFNA, and HFPO-DA displayed biomagnification dilution effects.

PMID:40813027 | DOI:10.13227/j.hjkx.202407091

Obesity (Silver Spring). 2025 Aug 14. doi: 10.1002/oby.70009. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Weight regain following bariatric surgery remains a clinical challenge, with limited understanding of contributing environmental factors. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), persistent chemicals linked to metabolic dysfunction, may influence long-term weight trajectories. This study aimed to evaluate associations between PFAS exposure and changes in BMI, percent weight loss, and waist circumference among adolescents after bariatric surgery.

METHODS: We included 186 adolescents (mean age: 17.1 years; 76.3% female; 72.0% White) from the Teen-Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery (Teen-LABS) cohort who underwent surgery between 2007 and 2012. Anthropometric measurements were collected at baseline and 6, 12, 36, and 60 months post surgery. Presurgical plasma concentrations of seven PFAS were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Associations were estimated using linear mixed-effects models and quantile g-computation.

RESULTS: Higher concentrations of PFOS, PFHxS, and PFHpS were associated with greater BMI regain, reduced percent weight loss, and increased waist circumference from 1 to 5 years post surgery. At PFOS concentrations of 1.45 to 2.94 log₂ ng/mL, annual BMI regain increased from 1.34 to 1.84 kg/m² (p = 0.0497). Mixture analyses confirmed cumulative PFAS effects, with sulfonic acids showing the strongest associations.

CONCLUSIONS: PFAS exposure was associated with weight regain after bariatric surgery in adolescents, potentially undermining long-term metabolic benefits.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00474318.

PMID:40808486 | DOI:10.1002/oby.70009

Environ Res. 2025 Aug 12:122581. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2025.122581. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The persistent environmental presence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in aquatic systems has raised concerns regarding their potential threat to drinking water safety. However, our understanding of PFAS distribution within drinking water systems remains limited. This study employed a combination of targeted, suspect, and non-targeted screening techniques to investigate the distribution of PFAS in 16 drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) supplied by two distinct water sources: the Yangtze River and Lake Taihu and its surrounding water bodies. Specifically, four DWTPs using Yangtze River water were monitored throughout the four seasons, with samples collected from source water, critical points in the treatment process, and treated water. Twelve DWTPs using Lake Taihu and surrounding water sources were examined cross-sectionally, with samples collected from treated water and tap water. The results showed that total PFAS in the Lake Taihu-sourced systems exhibited inflection points at the 30th and 90th percentiles, unlike the more uniform distribution of PFOS + PFOA. This suggests contributions from both consumer and industrial sources of PFAS alternatives. Suspect and non-targeted screening identified 27 positive features, of which 10 were not detected in the targeted analysis, thereby broadening the scope of PFAS detection in drinking water. Furthermore, the relative potency factor (RPF) method was used to estimate the cumulative toxicity of PFAS mixtures, including alternatives, by calculating the perfluorooctanoic acid equivalent (PEQ). Computational toxicology and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to identify the toxicity targets of these alternatives, revealing the potential toxicity of 6:2FTSA in relation to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) basement membrane and glucose transport functions. This study reveals that alternative PFAS are commonly found in drinking water systems and pose potential health risks that warrant serious attention.

PMID:40812696 | DOI:10.1016/j.envres.2025.122581

Molecules. 2025 Jul 31;30(15):3220. doi: 10.3390/molecules30153220.

ABSTRACT

Per- or polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are man-made compounds involved in compositions of many industrial processes and consumer products. The largest-volume man-made PFAS are made up of refrigerants and fluoropolymers. Major concerns for our society related to these substances are their contribution to global warming as greenhouse gasses and the potential for adverse effects on living organisms, particularly by long-chain perfluoroalkyl acid derivatives. Restrictions on manufacturing and applications will increase in the near future. The full remediation of historical and current contaminations of air, soil and water remains problematic, especially for ultra-short PFASs, such as trifluoroacetic acid. Future monitoring of PFAS levels and their impact on ecosystems remains important. PFASs have become integrated in the lifestyle and infrastructures of our modern worldwide society and are likely to be part of that society for years to come in essential applications by closing the fluorine loop.

PMID:40807396 | PMC:PMC12348821 | DOI:10.3390/molecules30153220

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Aug 13;303:118853. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118853. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Infants are exposed to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) via feeding, yet the influence of PFAS on their gut microbiota remains poorly understood. In this study, 73 mother-preterm infant dyads were recruited in Shenzhen. We measured concentrations of 13 PFAS (PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, HFPO-DA, ADONA, 6:2 Cl-PFESA, and 8:2 Cl-PFESA) in the feeding substances (breast milk or formula) at the fourth week postpartum. Concurrently, fecal samples from preterm infants were collected for analysis of gut microbiota and metabolites. The highest mean concentrations were observed for two short-chain PFAS: PFBA and PFPeA. Eleven out of the 13 PFAS had detection rates exceeding 50 % and were included in subsequent analyses. Linear regression analysis indicated that daily intakes of PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFBS, and PFHxS were negatively associated with the ln-transformed PD_whole_tree index. Daily intakes of PFBA, PFBS, PFOA, and PFHxS were significantly linked with β diversity. The genus Veillonella was more abundant in the upper tertile groups of PFBA and PFBS. Moreover, daily intakes of PFHpA and PFOA were linked to predicted microbiome functions. Pathway analysis further revealed that PFAS daily intake was associated with synthesis or metabolism of multiple nutrients (including vitamins and amino acids). Notably, linear regression demonstrated that PFAS daily intake was negatively associated with levels of docosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Our findings suggest that PFAS exposure through feeding may adversely affect the gut microbiota and normal development of preterm infants, potentially posing health risks.

PMID:40812094 | DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118853

Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Aug 4;26(15):7518. doi: 10.3390/ijms26157518.

ABSTRACT

Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) possess immunosuppressive properties. However, their association with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) risk remains inconclusive across epidemiological studies. This study integrates population-based and mechanistic evidence to clarify the relationship between PFAS exposure and RA. We analyzed 8743 U.S. adults from the NHANES (2005-2018), assessing individual and mixed exposures to PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, and PFHxS using multivariable logistic regression, Bayesian kernel machine regression, quantile g-computation, and weighted quantile sum models. Network toxicology and molecular docking were utilized to identify core targets mediating immune disruption. The results showed that elevated PFOA (OR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.41-1.89), PFOS (OR = 1.41, 1.25-1.58), and PFNA (OR = 1.40, 1.20-1.63) levels significantly increased RA risk. Mixture analyses indicated a positive joint effect (WQS OR = 1.06, 1.02-1.10; qgcomp OR = 1.26, 1.16-1.38), with PFOA as the primary contributor. Stratified analyses revealed stronger effects in females (PFOA Q4 OR = 3.75, 2.36-5.97) and older adults (≥60 years). Core targets included EGFR, SRC, TP53, and CTNNB1. PFAS mixtures increase RA risk, dominated by PFOA and modulated by sex/age. These findings help reconcile prior contradictions by identifying key molecular targets and vulnerable subpopulations, supporting regulatory attention to PFAS mixture exposure.

PMID:40806648 | PMC:PMC12347686 | DOI:10.3390/ijms26157518

Water Res. 2025 Aug 7;287(Pt A):124369. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2025.124369. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

For removal of linear and negative charged Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), highly negatively charged and small pore NF membranes are urgently needed. This work reports, for the first time, an attempt to regulate the pore size and surface charge of polyvinylamine/sodium polystyrene sulfonate (PVAm/PSS) layer-by-layer nanofiltration (LBL NF) membranes by varying the polyelectrolytes' molecular weights (Mw) for PFAS removal. In general, PVAm/PSS NF membranes exhibited a strong negative surface charge, with 99.9 % Na₂SO₄ rejection. Smaller pore size and greater polycation PVAm overcompensation were observed for PVAm of lower Mw. Short-chain PVAm showed small hydrodynamic radius and fast diffusion, which dominated the LBL assembly and resulted in intrinsically positively charged membranes and small pore size. The removal of PFAS during a 24-hour period demonstrated an initial decline, followed by an increase until reaching a stable value; this unique pattern originated from PFAS adsorption onto the overcompensated, positively charged PVAm in the separation layer, leading to subsequent charge reversal as well as pore size reduction. The PFAS removal rate was positively correlated with the molecular weight, polarizability, and hydrophobicity of PFAS, justifying that the membrane pore size and PFAS molecular dimensions are key removal factors. The study highlighted the importance of the assembly kinetics in regulating LBL membrane pore size and charges, as well as solute-adsorption-induced changes in membrane physicochemical characteristics and their subsequent impact on PFAS removal.

PMID:40811984 | DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2025.124369

Toxicol Mech Methods. 2025 Aug 13:1-13. doi: 10.1080/15376516.2025.2544030. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are environmental pollutants linked to various health concerns, including metabolic disorders like diabetes. This study investigates the molecular mechanisms by which PFAS exposure influences diabetes through network toxicology and functional genomics approaches. We utilized the GSE25724 diabetes-related dataset to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with PFAS exposure using the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD). Our methodologies included enrichment analyses, single-sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA), Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network construction, immune cell infiltration analysis, molecular docking, and validation experiments on HepG2 cells. Our analysis identified 34 DEGs linked to both diabetes and PFAS exposure. Enrichment analysis indicated these genes' involvement in critical pathways such as adipocytokine signaling, insulin secretion, and glucose homeostasis. ssGSEA revealed that inflammation-related pathways were significantly upregulated, while metabolic and stress response pathways were downregulated in the T2DM group. The PPI network pinpointed ATP2A2, INS, and NFE2L2 as key hub genes, which were validated to be significantly downregulated under PFAS exposure in HepG2 cells. The diagnostic potential of these genes was strong, with AUC values over 0.88. Immune cell infiltration analysis showed significantly altered immune profiles in the T2DM group. Molecular docking demonstrated stable binding between PFAS compounds and key genes, providing insights into potential molecular interactions. Our findings suggest that PFAS exposure disrupts crucial gene functions and biological pathways associated with diabetes, highlighting the significant impact of environmental toxicants on metabolic health. This underlines the need for further research into PFAS's role in diabetes pathophysiology.

PMID:40804795 | DOI:10.1080/15376516.2025.2544030

Small. 2025 Aug 14:e06040. doi: 10.1002/smll.202506040. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Poly/perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have emerged as contaminants of global concern due to their extreme persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. Conventional wastewater treatment technologies are ineffective for PFAS removal, prompting increasing interest in photochemical degradation as a promising alternative. Among these, homogeneous ultraviolet (UV) based systems and heterogeneous photocatalysis have attracted significant attention, while a comprehensive mechanistic discussion and comparison of these approaches remains fragmented. This review critically assesses recent advances in PFAS photodegradation via homogeneous and heterogeneous processes, with emphasis on the roles of reactive species such as oxidative radicals, hydrated electrons, and photoexcited charges in governing degradation pathways. Moreover, key factors, including system configuration, PFAS structure, chemical dosage, catalyst properties, and water matrix composition, are systematically analyzed. By comparing reactivity trends and degradation pathways across systems, the review identifies essential mechanistic insights and bottlenecks that hinder complete defluorination. Finally, the design strategies to improve selectivity, efficiency, and scalability are discussed, along with perspectives on translating these insights into practical treatment systems for complex aqueous environments, especially those containing low concentrations of PFAS in real water matrices. This review aims to inform the rational development of next-generation PFAS remediation technologies that are both mechanistically grounded and practically applicable.

PMID:40810675 | DOI:10.1002/smll.202506040

Microb Biotechnol. 2025 Aug;18(8):e70216. doi: 10.1111/1751-7915.70216.

ABSTRACT

Many environmental pollutants have a fluorine or chlorine atom on a carbon atom adjacent to a carboxylic acid. These α-halocarboxylic acids include heavily regulated compounds such as per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS). Due to PFAS persistence in the environment, there is intense interest in characterising the biodegradation of α-halocarboxylic acids. Their initial biodegradation often proceeds via defluorinase enzymes that catalyse hydrolytic removal of alpha fluorine or chlorine atoms. These enzymes can dehalogenate both mono-halocarboxylate and dihalocarboxylate substrates, generating α-hydroxy and α-ketocarboxylic acid products, respectively. To enable continuous monitoring of defluorinase activity, we identified, purified and optimised dehydrogenases from Limosilactobacillus fermentum JN248 and Enterococcus faecium IAM10071 that reacted with the specific α-hydroxy and α-ketocarboxylic acid products of the defluorinases. The dehydrogenases make or consume NADH, measured by absorbance readings at 340 nm, thus allowing continuous measurement of defluorinase activity using a spectrophotometer. Using the coupled assay, purified defluorinases from a Delftia sp. and a Dechloromonas sp. were compared with respect to substrate specificity. The Delftia defluorinase demonstrated superior activity with most substrates, including difluoroacetate. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a coupled-enzyme continuous assay method for enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of α-halocarboxylic acids.

PMID:40808233 | PMC:PMC12350541 | DOI:10.1111/1751-7915.70216

Eur J Epidemiol. 2025 Aug 13. doi: 10.1007/s10654-025-01271-4. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

There is concern that widespread exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may induce changes in serum lipids, however, current evidence is insufficient to establish causality in humans. This systematic review evaluated 69 articles examining exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) or perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and alterations in adult serum lipid outcomes. The majority of associations for PFOA or PFOS with serum lipids were either not significant, significantly negative, or were mixed versus significantly positive findings, suggesting non-consensus of any associations. A subset of 37 studies were examined via meta-analysis and reviewed for biases. Using pooled estimates, PFOA and PFOS exposure were significantly positively associated with total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). PFOA was significantly positively associated with triglycerides (TG), whereas PFOS had a non-significant positive association with high-density lipoprotein (HDL). TC and LDL estimates demonstrated high heterogeneity, peaking within cross-sectional and non-occupational studies that comprised the majority of the meta-analysis. Conversely, pooled estimates from longitudinal investigations trended towards null and were not significant. Potential reasons for heterogeneity were identified in a bias analysis and primarily included inconsistent confounding controls and possible subject recruitment bias from regions with known PFAS contamination. These factors indicate inconsistencies in PFAS-lipid literature that require further prospective investigations.

PMID:40801989 | DOI:10.1007/s10654-025-01271-4

Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2025 Aug 13:vjaf110. doi: 10.1093/inteam/vjaf110. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Accumulation of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) has been demonstrated in biota across the globe. Higher trophic-level air-breathing organisms that live in or depend upon aquatic ecosystems are most at risk from PFOS and other bioaccumulative per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Nonetheless, there are very few guidelines available for the protection of air-breathing wildlife. The Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality provide default guideline values (DGV) for toxicants. These DGVs are based on traditional ecotoxicological tests that do not consider bioaccumulation. For chemicals known to bioaccumulate, the guidelines recommend a precautionary approach by applying the DGV that protects 99% of species. The PFAS National Environmental Management Plan (NEMP) provides wildlife diet guidelines (WDGs) to protect mammals and birds that consume aquatic organisms. Other jurisdictions have developed Water Quality Criteria for the protection of wildlife via the use of dietary studies and combined with bioconcentration factors to back calculate a safe concentration of PFOS in the water. As end users tend to use Water Quality Guidelines/Criteria as screening tools for further risk assessment, it is critically important to understand whether these PFOS guidelines effectively protect wildlife. In 2022-2023, water, sediment, and biota samples were collected over a year at eight sites in South East Queensland, Australia. The dominant PFAS found in biota was PFOS, with the only other PFAS found in biota to be long-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs). Fifty per cent of the sites had mean PFOS surface water concentrations that were below the draft Australian DGV and yet all but one had biota concentrations that exceeded the NEMP WDGs. Bioaccumulation factors (BAFS) in fish were inversely related to concentrations of PFOS in water and showed a high variability within species and sites. Considering this, an interim field derived screening threshold is proposed for wildlife risk assessments.

PMID:40802519 | DOI:10.1093/inteam/vjaf110

Mar Pollut Bull. 2025 Aug 12;221:118488. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118488. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Edible mollusks are a significant global cultural and economic aquaculture species critical in preserving healthy ecosystems. During their lifetime, they may be exposed to different microplastics (MPs) acting as a chemical carrier for variable organic pollutants. We aim to highlight the challenges of analyzing the potential co-transfer of PAHs, PCBs, and PFASs from the marine environment, with microplastics serving as their vectors, to edible marine mollusks (mussels, oysters, scallops, clams, octopuses, cuttlefish, and squids) based on available literature. To this end, we compiled concentrations of hydrophobic pollutants detected on the surface of microplastics collected globally at different marine sites. As a next step, we searched for studies that showed how high concentrations of MPs can be found in mollusks to show geographical differences between them. We identified areas with the highest potential exposure and knowledge gaps that require further investigation. Papers contain data on PAHs, PCBs, PFASs on microplastics collected mainly from the beach or surface water. While the two first groups have good representation with 189 and 156 data points, respectively, data on PFASs is highly underrepresented. These findings suggest that there is a significant gap in data for assessing the adsorption-desorption behavior of environmentally relevant types of MPs frequently ingested by mollusks. The limited data on cephalopods, compared to bivalves, also reveals important gaps in trophic and ecological risk assessments. This study underscores the need for harmonized monitoring of MPs and associated contaminants across diverse taxa and regions.

PMID:40803283 | DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118488

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Aug 12;303:118849. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118849. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Increasing evidence indicates that traditional poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may affect platelet function. However, the impact of mixed PFAS exposure on platelets and the specific contributions of each chemical remain unclear. Furthermore, the potential mechanisms involved are largely unknown. Using a combined experimental and epidemiological approach, this study comprehensively evaluated the relationship of PFAS with platelet levels and explored potential mechanisms. Serum concentrations of eight PFAS chemicals and complete blood counts were measured among 7860 adults in a population-based study. Multi-pollutant analysis models showed that PFHxS had the largest negative weight in mixed PFAS exposure with platelet counts. After adjusting for the false discovery rate and potential confounders, a significantly negative association was found between PFHxS and platelet counts (β = -11.27, 95 % CI: -14.86, -7.68). In contrast, no substantial association was observed between the other PFAS with higher concentrations and platelet counts. Therefore, we administered PFHxS orally to mice and found that this led to a rapid decrease in platelet counts. Further in vivo studies showed that PFHxS exposure resulted in a 22 % decrease in the number of megakaryocytes (MKs) in the bone marrow, where MKs were more inclined to remain in the early stage. RNA-sequencing indicated that PFHxS inhibited key signaling pathways involved in polyploidy regulation in bone marrow MKs, obstructing MK differentiation and maturation. Integrating experimental and epidemiological evidence, our findings indicate that PFHxS has the most significant impact on reducing platelet counts among all measured PFAS by inhibiting the maturation process of MKs.

PMID:40803267 | DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118849

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Aug 12;303:118845. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118845. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To provide a theoretical basis for investigating ADHD etiology in children, we aimed to investigate an association between environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children.

METHODS: Relevant studies on the relationship between EEDs and ADHD in children from January 2008 to December 2023 were collected. The fixed-effects model was used for studies with I² < 50 %, whereas the random-effects model was used for studies with I² > 50 % per the results of the literature heterogeneity test. A sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the stability of the combined results. Furthermore, Egger's and Begg's tests were used in combination with funnel plots to evaluate publication bias.

RESULTS: In total, 19 articles were included in the present meta-analysis. These results indicated that BPA and PAE exposure would increase the risk of ADHD. The results of the meta-analysis of sex subgroups showed that exposure to BPA, PAEs, PAHs increased the risk of ADHD in male children, whereas an inverse association was observed between exposure to PFAS and ADHD in female children.

CONCLUSION: EEDs included in this study, such as BPA and PAEs, were associated with the increased risk of ADHD in children.

PMID:40803269 | DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118845

Environ Pollut. 2025 Aug 11;384:126981. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126981. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (GenX) is one of many per-/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). GenX was developed as a shorter-chain alternative to traditional PFAS due to concerns about their documented toxicity. However, GenX contamination persists, and there has been limited research on its generational adverse effects. This study used Caenorhabditis elegans to evaluate adverse effects of long-term GenX exposure, and its trans-generational locomotive defect. The results showed that C. elegans development was significantly delayed when exposed to 10000 and 30000 μM of GenX; this was accompanied by substantial inhibition of reproduction and locomotion at concentrations ranging from 0.0003 to 10000 μM. Additionally, parental (P0 generation) exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of GenX (0.0003 and 0.1 μM, or 0.1 and 33.0 μg/L, respectively), with no further exposure in the offspring (F1-F4), resulted in significant trans-generational declines in locomotion in the F1-F3 generations. The mRNA expression analysis found significant alterations in the genes associated with locomotive and epigenetic regulation, unc-17, spr-5, jmjd-1.2, damt-1, and nmad-1, in the P0 generation when exposed to 0.1 μM GenX. The changes in damt-1, nmad-1, spr-5 varied across generations, while a significant decrease in jmjd-1.2 persisted in the F1-F3 generations. No trans-generational effects on locomotion were observed in the jmjd-1.2 mutant strain; this indicates that jmjd-1.2 regulates the trans-generational locomotive defect. In conclusion, long-term exposure to environmentally relevant GenX concentrations induces trans-generational locomotor dysfunction in C. elegans. This is likely mediated by the gene jmjd-1.2, which is linked to both locomotion and epigenetic regulation. These findings provide valuable insights for future GenX generational toxicity evaluations and for assessing the mechanisms involved.

PMID:40803444 | DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126981

Water Environ Res. 2025 Aug;97(8):e70157. doi: 10.1002/wer.70157.

ABSTRACT

High-pressure membrane technologies can be effective in mitigating perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination in water matrices. This review explores recent developments in both commercial (e.g., NF and RO) and novel membrane technologies, focusing on their removal mechanisms, influential factors, and challenges. Key determinants, including solution pH, PFAS molecular structure, co-contaminants, and natural organic matter, are summarized for their impacts on PFAS removal efficiency. Novel membranes incorporating materials like graphene oxide, quaternary ammonium compounds, and metal-organic frameworks are highlighted for their potential to enhance PFAS removal, particularly the removal of short-chain PFAS. Despite promising developments, challenges such as fouling, energy demands, and scalability necessitate further research. This review highlights the significance of lab-scale studies and innovative designs in bridging the gap between laboratory findings and practical applications, thereby paving the way for sustainable, large-scale PFAS treatment.

PMID:40803995 | PMC:PMC12350090 | DOI:10.1002/wer.70157

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Aug 12;303:118845. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118845. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To provide a theoretical basis for investigating ADHD etiology in children, we aimed to investigate an association between environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children.

METHODS: Relevant studies on the relationship between EEDs and ADHD in children from January 2008 to December 2023 were collected. The fixed-effects model was used for studies with I² < 50 %, whereas the random-effects model was used for studies with I² > 50 % per the results of the literature heterogeneity test. A sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the stability of the combined results. Furthermore, Egger's and Begg's tests were used in combination with funnel plots to evaluate publication bias.

RESULTS: In total, 19 articles were included in the present meta-analysis. These results indicated that BPA and PAE exposure would increase the risk of ADHD. The results of the meta-analysis of sex subgroups showed that exposure to BPA, PAEs, PAHs increased the risk of ADHD in male children, whereas an inverse association was observed between exposure to PFAS and ADHD in female children.

CONCLUSION: EEDs included in this study, such as BPA and PAEs, were associated with the increased risk of ADHD in children.

PMID:40803269 | DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118845

Front Public Health. 2025 Jul 28;13:1621495. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1621495. eCollection 2025.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are among numerous chemicals in the Per- and polyfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) group, which are commonly present in various consumer and industrial products. These chemicals are recognized for their persistency, the ability to accumulate in biological systems and their documented adverse effects on human health. Previous research, which has primarily centered on global methylation patterns, has suggested that some effects of PFAS on human health may be linked to modifications in DNA methylation (DNAm). The aim of our study was to assess the relationship between the serum levels of PFOS and PFOA and CpG site-specific methylation of DNA from peripheral blood.

METHODS: We used a case-control study on breast cancer nested within the E3N cohort, a prospective study of French women, in which we measured DNAm at more than 850,000 CpG sites with the Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip for 166 case-control pairs. Serum levels of PFOS and PFOA were measured by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry.

RESULTS: We found 64 CpG sites with significant hypomethylation or hypermethylation associated with increased levels of PFOA or PFOS (p-value_Bonferroni < 0.05). The strongest association was found between PFOA serum levels and decreased DNAm at cg06874740 (p-value_Bonferroni = 2.2×10^-5) and between PFOS serum levels and decreased DNAm at cg02793158 (p-value_Bonferroni = 9.3×10^-5). Gene-set enrichment analyses using all CpG sites associated with PFOA or PFOS with an unadjusted p-value <0.01, identified 20 KEGG pathways for each of these compounds.

CONCLUSION: PFAS exposure may be linked to substantial and widespread changes in the methylome that may be involved in the consequences on health of these pollutants. Our findings indicate that the biological and health effects of PFOA and PFOS may be more intricate and varied than previously thought, reinforcing the need for policies aimed at regulating this class of endocrine-disrupting chemicals.

PMID:40791616 | PMC:PMC12336190 | DOI:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1621495

Front Public Health. 2025 Jul 28;13:1621495. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1621495. eCollection 2025.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are among numerous chemicals in the Per- and polyfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) group, which are commonly present in various consumer and industrial products. These chemicals are recognized for their persistency, the ability to accumulate in biological systems and their documented adverse effects on human health. Previous research, which has primarily centered on global methylation patterns, has suggested that some effects of PFAS on human health may be linked to modifications in DNA methylation (DNAm). The aim of our study was to assess the relationship between the serum levels of PFOS and PFOA and CpG site-specific methylation of DNA from peripheral blood.

METHODS: We used a case-control study on breast cancer nested within the E3N cohort, a prospective study of French women, in which we measured DNAm at more than 850,000 CpG sites with the Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip for 166 case-control pairs. Serum levels of PFOS and PFOA were measured by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry.

RESULTS: We found 64 CpG sites with significant hypomethylation or hypermethylation associated with increased levels of PFOA or PFOS (p-value_Bonferroni < 0.05). The strongest association was found between PFOA serum levels and decreased DNAm at cg06874740 (p-value_Bonferroni = 2.2×10^-5) and between PFOS serum levels and decreased DNAm at cg02793158 (p-value_Bonferroni = 9.3×10^-5). Gene-set enrichment analyses using all CpG sites associated with PFOA or PFOS with an unadjusted p-value <0.01, identified 20 KEGG pathways for each of these compounds.

CONCLUSION: PFAS exposure may be linked to substantial and widespread changes in the methylome that may be involved in the consequences on health of these pollutants. Our findings indicate that the biological and health effects of PFOA and PFOS may be more intricate and varied than previously thought, reinforcing the need for policies aimed at regulating this class of endocrine-disrupting chemicals.

PMID:40791616 | PMC:PMC12336190 | DOI:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1621495

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Aug 11;303:118843. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118843. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The effects of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on kidney function across physiological conditions remain inconclusive, and previous research has not assessed the potential mediating effect of iron status. We aimed to examine the relationships between PFAS exposure and kidney function in various demographic groups, as well as to evaluate the potential mediating role of iron status. This study included 7369 Chinese adults aged 18 years or older from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) levels were used to reflect the efficiency of kidney function. Generalized linear models and weighted quantile sum regression models indicated negative associations between PFAS and eGFR levels, with PFNA and PFHxS emerging as the dominant contributors. Subgroup analysis revealed that the adverse effects of PFAS on eGFR levels were more pronounced in the males, young and middle age, non-hypertension, and non-diabetes subgroups. Further mediation analyses demonstrated that iron status (ferritin, transferrin, and hemoglobin) partially mediated these associations, with mediation proportions ranging from 8.89 % to 60.84 %. Our study established PFNA and PFHxS as critical nephrotoxic PFAS in China while pioneering the identification of iron status as a novel mechanistic mediator between PFAS exposure and kidney dysfunction, advancing mechanistic understanding of environmental nephrotoxicity.

PMID:40795427 | DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118843

Chemosphere. 2025 Sep;385:144611. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144611. Epub 2025 Aug 11.

ABSTRACT

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have emerged as major persistent organic contaminants in global drinking water supplies. While PFAS contamination has been widely reported, their occurrence in Australian drinking water remains understudied. To address this gap, 32 tap water and 12 bottled water samples were collected across Sydney, Australia. The samples were preconcentrated using StrataX-AW solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges and analysed for 50 PFAS compounds using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), obtaining ultra-trace detection limits (0.031-5.1 ppt), low relative standard deviation (9-12 %), and high recovery (92-99 %). Of the 50 PFAS monitored, 31 were detected, including the first-reported detection of a short-chained fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (3:3 FTCA) in any drinking water and a fluorophosphoric acid diester (6:2 diPAP) in tap water. Compared to previous studies, 21 PFAS were detected in Sydney tap water that had not been previously reported in Australia. PFAS profiles differed between the catchment source and drinking tap water, persisting or appearing in altered proportions at the tap. Notably, maximum PFOS concentrations in some North Richmond catchment samples (6 ppt) were at or above U.S. EPA (4 ppt) but below endorsed 2025 Australian drinking water guidelines (8 ppt). These findings expand current knowledge of PFAS occurrence in drinking water and underscore the need for further assessment of their sources, distribution and environmental persistence.

PMID:40796466 | DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144611

J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 2025 Aug 11. doi: 10.1021/jasms.5c00185. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are environmentally persistent compounds that present analytical challenges due to their stability and low concentrations. In this study, electron ionization (EI) mass spectra of trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatized fluorinated alcohols and carboxylic acids were examined to improve PFAS identification in the NIST Mass Spectral Reference Library. In contrast with the spectra of unsubstituted alcohol TMS compounds featuring losses of hydrocarbons, fluorinated alcohol TMS derivatives are characterized by the losses of fluorinated silyl groups. For example, a previously unreported [M-111]⁺ ion was consistently observed in compounds containing three methylene groups between the hydroxyl group and the first CF₂ unit. Detailed quality assurance analysis using a suite of NIST software tools along with high-resolution TOF-MS confirmed the origin and elemental composition of these ions. MS² experiments and full scan of TMS derivatives of fluorinated alcohols with varying numbers of methylene groups investigations suggest the formation of a five-membered ring intermediate as a key feature in this unique fragmentation pathway. These findings improve our understanding of PFAS fragmentation and support more accurate compound identification in analytical workflows.

PMID:40790616 | DOI:10.1021/jasms.5c00185

Small. 2025 Aug 11:e07204. doi: 10.1002/smll.202507204. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic fluorinated organic compounds linked to severe health issues, highlighting the urgent need for environmentally sustainable remediation strategies. Here, an integrated PFAS sorption and utilization strategy for remediation is reported through incorporating into rechargeable aqueous zinc battery systems at room temperature. As a representative PFAS compound, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is successfully sorbed on zinc surface via hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, with over 98% removal efficiency, and partially defluorinated into zinc fluoride after 24 h, enabling their application as an anode protective layer for improved battery performance. This layer enhances electrochemical performance by suppressing dendrite growth and self-corrosion, exhibits stable long-term cycling in Zn|Zn symmetric cell under various current densities (1-10 mA cm^-2). Additionally, Zn|sodium-treated vanadium oxide full cells show improved cycling stability, with >80% capacity retention after 2500 cycles at 5 A g^-1, compared to bare zinc with <40%, demonstrating prolonged and reliable performance. No detectable PFOA residual remains after battery cycling, suggesting consumption of PFOA and ensuring environmental safety. This work highlights the potential of metal-based PFAS sorption strategy, bridging the gap between sorption and utilization, offering innovative solutions to transform this persistent water contaminant into a valuable battery component.

PMID:40785480 | DOI:10.1002/smll.202507204

Environ Sci Process Impacts. 2025 Aug 11. doi: 10.1039/d5em00420a. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The phaseout of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in firefighting foams has motivated the adoption of fluorine-free foams (F3), yet their environmental fate remains poorly understood. This study provides the first comprehensive assessment of F3 biodegradation under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, combining modified OECD protocols, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and microbial community profiling to elucidate surfactant degradation pathways, byproduct formation, and ecological impacts. Aerobic systems achieved greater than 80% bulk dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal for two commercial F3 formulations within 28 days, yet targeted analyses revealed persistent, hydrophobic surfactants (e.g., ethylene glycol dodecyl ether, EGDE) in sludge phases (2-5 μg L^-1) and transient byproducts like short-chain glycol ethers. Anaerobic degradation diverged sharply with minimal DOC reduction (<5%), limiting surfactant transformation, including sulfate reduction-driven hydrogen sulfide generation and accumulation of alkylamine intermediates (e.g., N-methyldodecylamine). Non-target HRMS screening identified 21 byproducts. Nine were exclusive to late-stage samples at day 60, with unknown peaks constituting 15-20% of residual DOC as uncharacterized compounds absent from formal assessments. Microbial diversity was reduced by 79% in anaerobic systems, selecting for specialist taxa (e.g., Azospira, Nitrospira) with the potential for surfactant hydrolysis. In contrast, aerobic communities retained metabolic flexibility but showed concentration-dependent inhibition. These findings challenge the adequacy of standardized biodegradability tests, which overlook sludge-phase residuals, redox-specific byproducts, and non-target compounds. This work shows that assumed "readily biodegradable" F3 surfactants may also leave persistent residues, necessitating advanced frameworks with phase-specific analytics and pathway prediction tools to ensure replacements reduce and do not redistribute risks to water quality and ecosystems.

PMID:40787787 | DOI:10.1039/d5em00420a

J Immigr Minor Health. 2025 Aug 11. doi: 10.1007/s10903-025-01755-1. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Immigrants in the United States may experience varying levels of exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) depending on their duration of residency and their region of origin. PFAS are persistent environmental pollutants linked to adverse health outcomes, yet little is known about exposure levels among immigrant populations. This cross-sectional study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2018 to assess serum PFAS concentrations among adults by length of U.S. residency and race/ethnicity (used as proxy for origin). Several PFAS compounds were analyzed using ANCOVA and general linear models. U.S.-born adults represented 74.9% (n = 8,272) of the sample. Overall, PFAS levels increased with time in the U.S., converging towards levels observed in U.S.-born individuals-, consistent with the long biological half-lives of certain PFAS compounds. Significant differences in ∑PFAS were found for immigrants residing less than 5 years (geometric mean ratio [GMR]: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.64-0.84, P < 0.0001), with smaller differences in those residing 5-10 years (GMR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.77-0.91, P < 0.0001) or 10-15 years (GMR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.77-0.93, P = 0.0004), compared to U.S.-born. The pace of convergence varied by race/ethnicity, reflecting both environmental exposure in the U.S. and likely differences in exposure prior to migration. These results emphasize the need to consider duration of residency and background when evaluating chemical exposure disparities. The study highlights the need for public health interventions to address PFAS exposure among immigrants, especially those newly arrived, considering their potential differential exposure risks.

PMID:40788523 | DOI:10.1007/s10903-025-01755-1

J Vis Exp. 2025 Jul 25;(221). doi: 10.3791/68572.

ABSTRACT

The presence of micropollutants in water is an increasingly pressing environmental concern. While some micropollutants are readily biodegradable, others, such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), are extremely persistent and resistant to conventional water treatment technologies. Plasma-based treatment has been investigated for water and wastewater decontamination for decades, with recent studies demonstrating its high efficacy in degrading both short- and long-chain PFAS. Here, plasma-based waste treatment is combined with a free surface hyperbolic water vortex, which has an oxygen volumetric mass transfer coefficient exceeding that of similar systems. Various types of plasma discharges can be employed for such applications, each requiring specific power supply configurations and operational strategies. The use of pulsed signals, in particular, presents unique engineering challenges. This study explores the generation and characterization of six different plasma discharge types within a Hyperbolic Vortex Plasma Reactor: pulsed monopolar (negative and positive), pulsed bipolar "flashover," AC and DC arc, and glow discharge. The pulse characteristics of monopolar and bipolar pulsed discharges were analyzed, and their efficiency in PFAS degradation was evaluated. Among the tested configurations, the bipolar flashover discharge exhibited the highest degradation efficiency in a Hyperbolic Vortex Plasma Reactor. However, its practical implementation poses significant engineering challenges, making its utilization challenging on a larger scale.

PMID:40788818 | DOI:10.3791/68572

Aquat Toxicol. 2025 Aug 7;287:107500. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107500. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous contaminants in freshwater ecosystems. Many PFAS are incorporated into food webs, with potential effects on ecological and human health. However, PFAS incorporation into the base of aquatic food webs remains poorly understood. The goal of this study was to quantify the uptake and trophic transfer of both legacy PFAS and the perfluoroether acid Nafion byproduct 2 (NBP2) using a simulated freshwater food chain in a lab setting. Natural periphytic biofilms were placed into trays containing equimolar binary aqueous PFAS mixtures at environmentally relevant concentrations for five days. Following the initial exposure period, newly hatched mayfly larvae were introduced into each tray to feed on periphyton for most of their larval development. The mature larvae were then fed to zebrafish. All water and biota samples contained detectable levels of the tested PFAS. All PFAS were more concentrated in periphyton than in water, and four of six PFAS were further concentrated in mayfly larvae relative to periphyton. PFDA was the most accumulative in all biota. PFAS concentrations in zebrafish were significantly correlated with those in larval mayflies. Assimilation efficiencies in zebrafish were high (>70 %) for all compounds. Bioaccumulation of PFAS in periphyton and mayflies was positively correlated with log K_OW and number of carbons. Our findings demonstrate the functionality of the periphyton-mayfly-zebrafish food chain for studying the trophic transfer of PFAS, and provide novel data showing that the bioaccumulation of NBP2 is comparable to legacy PFAS.

PMID:40789243 | DOI:10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107500

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Aug 9;303:118839. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118839. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a globally pervasive environmental contaminant characterized by chemical stability and bioaccumulation through the food chain, posing serious health risks to both humans and animals. Accumulating evidence has linked PFOA exposure to the development of various cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa), renal cancer, breast cancer, and ovarian cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms by which PFOA promotes PCa progression remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that low-dose PFOA exposure enhances the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase 15 (MAPK15), thereby promoting autophagy and facilitating tumor cell proliferation. Mechanistically, PFOA binds to the N6-methyladenosine (m⁶A) demethylase FTO (fat mass and obesity-associated protein), inhibiting its demethylase activity and resulting in elevated m⁶A modification levels on MAPK15 mRNA. This modification leads to increased MAPK15 protein expression, which in turn activates autophagy pathways and drives the proliferation, migration, and invasion of PCa cell lines. Collectively, our findings provide critical molecular evidence for the carcinogenic potential of PFAS compounds and offer new insights into environmental toxicology and ecological risk assessment.

PMID:40784096 | DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118839

J Contam Hydrol. 2025 Jul 31;275:104689. doi: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2025.104689. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Climate-induced changes in dissolved organic matter (DOM) and trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) present growing challenges for drinking water treatment, particularly in surface water-dependent regions. Bank filtration (BF), a natural subsurface treatment process, offers a sustainable solution, but its performance and scalability require further validation. This study simultaneously assesses the performance of laboratory-scale and full-scale BF systems using a horizontal collector well (HCW), both receiving the same source water and aquifer materials, to remove DOM and TrOCs, and to investigate changes in microbial communities under equivalent residence times (20 days). The full-scale HCW system achieved a 63.0 % DOM removal rate compared to 37.0 % in laboratory-scale columns, effectively reducing biopolymers and humic substances through soil passage. Microbial analysis revealed distinct shifts, with Proteobacteria comprising 80.1 % of the full-scale filtrate compared to 59.1 % in the laboratory-scale. Total cell counts and microbial activity decreased by 85.0 % and 90.4 % in the full-scale system, respectively. The removal efficiency for 60 selected TrOCs varied by their properties: hydrophobic ionic compounds achieved high removal (91.2 %), while hydrophilic and neutral compounds, including perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), showed lower removal rates (37.3 % and 24.5 %, respectively). Pharmaceuticals, steroid hormones, and pesticides were effectively removed, with some exceeding 99.9 %. This study is the first to directly compare full-scale HCW and laboratory-scale BF systems under controlled conditions. These findings highlight BF's effectiveness and the need for integrating complementary technologies to improve water quality and sustainability.

PMID:40784169 | DOI:10.1016/j.jconhyd.2025.104689

Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2025 Aug 9;269:114644. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2025.114644. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Among children and adolescents, exposure to per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and their substitutes remains poorly characterized. This study analyzed major PFAS and their substitutes in serum samples from 257 children (6-12 years) and 283 adolescents (13-18 years) using the Korea Ministry of Food and Drug Safety biospecimen archive. Eleven compounds, including PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFOS, and 9Cl-PF3ONS, were detected in over 70 % of the participants, with several legacy PFAS detected at levels exceeding those reported elsewhere. Among the study population, PFOA, PFHxS, and PFOS exhibited the highest concentrations, and children generally showed higher levels than adolescents. Notably, 85 % and 4 % of participants showed PFOA levels that exceeded HBM-1 and HBM-2 values, respectively. Among the substitutes, 9Cl-PF3ONS was detected in all participants, while 6:2FTS, a precursor, was present in more than half of the participating subjects (>55 %). PFAS levels, particularly those of PFOA and PFOS, were significantly higher among individuals consuming tap water compared to those relying on bottled water (p < 0.05). This likely reflects the higher contamination levels of surface water, the primary source for tap water, compared to groundwater, which is commonly used for bottled water in South Korea. Additionally, dietary intake, particularly seafood and meat consumption, was associated with elevated PFAS levels. The present findings highlight the high and widespread exposure to PFAS among Korean youth, emphasizing the need for further research to identify exposure sources and implement mitigation strategies to reduce PFAS exposure.

PMID:40784188 | DOI:10.1016/j.ijheh.2025.114644

J Chromatogr A. 2025 Aug 5;1760:466261. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2025.466261. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a group of synthetic chemicals that have been produced for over fifty years, are of significant concern due to their widespread environmental distribution and potential risks to human health. The transition from legacy PFAS to emerging PFAS with shorter chains and unknown structures has further amplified existing challenges in their analysis. A variety of reliable and sensitive analytical methods is available to analyze these contaminants in various biological and environmental matrices. However, current research on PFAS lacks a unified standard for their determination and there is limited guidance on selecting appropriate methods to address specific analytical challenges. In this review, up-to-date analytical methods for PFAS detection based on chromatography and mass spectrometry in the recent literature are reviewed. The survey covers (i) a discussion of the advantages, limitations, and scope of application of various sample preparation methods for PFAS analysis, (ii) recent advances in chromatographic separation and mass spectrometry with respect to targeted and non-targeted analysis, and (iii) progress in the analysis of PFAS in complex sample matrices, including a wide range of environmental and biological samples. While liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry has been the mainstay technique in most of the studies covered, greater efforts are needed to develop newer methods to deal with not only the legacy compounds but also emerging ones. A wide range of biological and environmental matrices also needs to be identified and considered in future analytical and sample preparation developmental work.

PMID:40784204 | DOI:10.1016/j.chroma.2025.466261

Dig Dis Sci. 2025 Aug 10. doi: 10.1007/s10620-025-09212-7. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the most prevalent and deadly cancers worldwide. Chronic liver disease is the most established risk factor for HCC, but environmental exposures are increasingly recognized as contributor. In this narrative review, we sought to analyze data linking three substances to HCC: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and cadmium.

METHODS: We performed a literature search of MEDLINE for this narrative review. Two reviewers screened titles and abstracts for relevance. We focused on articles published within the last three years.

RESULTS: PAH, PFAS, and cadmium have been linked to chronic liver disease, liver injury, and to a lesser extent, HCC. Major limitations in existing data are small sample sizes, lack of longitudinal follow up (most studies are cross-sectional), and heterogeneity in the species assayed and the methods of assay.

CONCLUSIONS: Further studies in large, prospective cohorts with longitudinal follow up are needed. Given existing evidence linking these substances to liver injury and HCC, a multi-faceted prevention and intervention strategy is needed, incorporating research, public education and engagement, legal frameworks, decontamination and medical interventions to mitigate deleterious effects of these substances.

PMID:40783888 | DOI:10.1007/s10620-025-09212-7

Toxicology. 2025 Aug 8;518:154260. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2025.154260. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of synthetic compounds known for their high chemical stability, resistance to degradation. This class includes thousands of different compounds widely used in various products like non-stick cookware, water-repellent fabrics, food packaging, firefighting foam, and many personal care products. While these properties contribute to their industrial utility, they also pose significant environmental and health concerns due in part to long environmental and biological half-lives. PFAS contamination has been widely reported in water sources and soil, along with reports of bioaccumulation in the blood and tissues of living organisms. These chemicals have been linked to a range of health effects, including potential risks to cancer, neurotoxicity, and developmental disorders. Given their broad involvement in disease pathology, it is critical to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms of PFAS toxicity. This review evaluates current research on the impact of various PFAS on different proteins, their post-translational modifications (PTMs), and the effects on cellular signalling pathways. It also reviews proteomic studies conducted over the years that aim to elucidate these protein-level changes, while highlighting existing gaps in the field. Despite growing attention to PFAS toxicity, significant advances are required in elucidating the primary mechanisms of toxic action. Studying PFAS effects from a proteome perspective could be very promising. In particular, the lack of organ-specific proteomic data, including studies on distinct brain regions and PTM-specific profiling, represents a critical area for future research.

PMID:40784597 | PMC:PMC12364542 | DOI:10.1016/j.tox.2025.154260

Sci Total Environ. 2025 Aug 9;997:180214. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180214. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Exposure to bisphenols and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is linked to various health impairments, including (developmental) neurotoxicity. Evidence indicates that bisphenols and PFAS can impact early neurodevelopmental processes such as proliferation, migration, and differentiation, although little is known about the effects of these compounds on neuronal activity and network development. Therefore, we assessed the effects of acute and chronic exposure to different bisphenols (bisphenol-A (BPA), bisphenol-F (BPF), and bisphenol-S (BPS)) and PFAS (perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), and perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS)) on neuronal activity and network development in rat primary cortical cultures using micro-electrode array recordings. Acute exposure to BPA and BPF decreased neuronal activity, while BPS had no effect. Chronic exposure to 100 μM BPA decreased network development, while chronic exposure to 10 μM BPA, 100 μM BPF, and 100 μM BPS induced a hyperexcitation. Thus, differences in the molecular structure of bisphenols and exposure duration influence the effects of these compounds on neuronal activity and network development. In contrast, both acute and chronic exposure to PFOS, PFOA, and PFHxS had limited effects on neuronal activity and network development. Since bisphenols and PFAS are known endocrine-disrupting compounds, we also evaluated the possible involvement of estrogen, glucocorticoid, thyroid hormone, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathways in the observed neurotoxic effects. Our cortical cultures appeared insensitive to endocrine-mediated effects of (ant)agonists of these pathways, making it unlikely that the observed neurotoxic effects are endocrine-mediated. These findings contribute to hazard assessment for toxicological risk assessments and emphasize the need to consider molecular structure in evaluating neurotoxicity.

PMID:40784309 | DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180214

Sci Total Environ. 2025 Aug 9;997:180214. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180214. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Exposure to bisphenols and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is linked to various health impairments, including (developmental) neurotoxicity. Evidence indicates that bisphenols and PFAS can impact early neurodevelopmental processes such as proliferation, migration, and differentiation, although little is known about the effects of these compounds on neuronal activity and network development. Therefore, we assessed the effects of acute and chronic exposure to different bisphenols (bisphenol-A (BPA), bisphenol-F (BPF), and bisphenol-S (BPS)) and PFAS (perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), and perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS)) on neuronal activity and network development in rat primary cortical cultures using micro-electrode array recordings. Acute exposure to BPA and BPF decreased neuronal activity, while BPS had no effect. Chronic exposure to 100 μM BPA decreased network development, while chronic exposure to 10 μM BPA, 100 μM BPF, and 100 μM BPS induced a hyperexcitation. Thus, differences in the molecular structure of bisphenols and exposure duration influence the effects of these compounds on neuronal activity and network development. In contrast, both acute and chronic exposure to PFOS, PFOA, and PFHxS had limited effects on neuronal activity and network development. Since bisphenols and PFAS are known endocrine-disrupting compounds, we also evaluated the possible involvement of estrogen, glucocorticoid, thyroid hormone, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathways in the observed neurotoxic effects. Our cortical cultures appeared insensitive to endocrine-mediated effects of (ant)agonists of these pathways, making it unlikely that the observed neurotoxic effects are endocrine-mediated. These findings contribute to hazard assessment for toxicological risk assessments and emphasize the need to consider molecular structure in evaluating neurotoxicity.

PMID:40784309 | DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180214

Chemosphere. 2025 Aug 8;386:144612. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144612. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are a point source for the release of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) into the environment. In our study we investigated wastewater effluent and mixed liquor samples for PFAS in order to obtain information on the current PFAS contamination in municipal WWTPs in Bavaria, Germany. In addition to PFAS target analysis, the total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay was used as a PFAS sum parameter to obtain information on the precursor concentration in the samples. The sewersheds of the investigated wastewater treatment plants were characterized according to the industrial sectors that discharge into the public sewer system using the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community (NACE) code. Known PFAS were detected in all effluent samples, except one, and in concentrations up to 4.700 ng L^-1. The concentrations in effluent samples varied widely between the different sampling dates at the individual WWTPs and also between the different WWTPs. The PFAS concentration in the effluent of 65 % of the WWTPs investigated increased significantly by a factor of 2.9 on average after the TOP assay. In the mixed liquor samples, the PFAS concentration ranged between 56 and 440 μg kg^-1 dw. The concentration varied less than in the effluent samples. After the TOP assay the PFAS concentration in the mixed liquor samples increased on average by a factor of 4. The NACE codes alone cannot be used to determine whether low or high PFAS concentrations are to be expected in a municipal WWTP. However, they can provide an indication of PFAS dischargers and help to prioritize further investigations. Without the TOP assay, the PFAS concentration in the effluent and the mixed liquor samples is clearly underestimated. Our investigations identified hotspots with very high PFAS concentrations in the WWTP effluents. Measures must be taken at the sources to prevent the further release of PFAS into the environment via municipal WWTPs.

PMID:40782642 | DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144612

Environ Int. 2025 Aug;202:109714. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2025.109714. Epub 2025 Aug 5.

ABSTRACT

A recent approach for human biomonitoring of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is non-invasive human hair sampling. In this study, solid-phase extraction (SPE), liquid-chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) were used to measure an extended set of PFAS in human hair. 45 hair samples from German voluntary subjects (19 female, 26 male) were screened for 26 target compounds, including perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs), fluorotelomer sulfonic acids (FTSAs), fluorotelomer carboxylic acids (FTCAs), fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acids (FTUCAs), polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diesters (diPAPs), perfluorooctanesulfonamide (FOSA), N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid (N-EtFOSAA) and bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (NTf2). 22 out of 26 target analytes were detected with two to 16 PFAS per sample. The most frequently detected substances were 6:2 FTSA, PFOS, PFOA and 6:2 diPAP with detection frequencies (Df) of 93, 87, 84, and 78 %, respectively. The emerging ionic liquid ingredient NTf2 was found in 44 % of all samples, which points to its widespread occurrence. To the best of our knowledge, NTf2 has been detected for the first time in human hair. The PFAS sum concentrations per subject ranged from 121 pg/g to 10332 pg/g. Maximum concentrations were found for PFOS (3763 pg/g), 6:2 FTSA (3600 pg/g) and PFPeS (3154 pg/g). Young subjects <30 years showed significantly higher levels for the ∑_PFAS (median 2231 pg/g) and the ∑_PFSAs (median 735 pg/g) compared to subjects >30 years (median ∑_PFAS 1196 pg/g, and for ∑_PFSAs 453 pg/g). This study demonstrates that in addition to the generally monitored PFCAs and PFSAs further precursors like diPAPs, FTSAs, and their transformation products considerably contribute to the total PFAS pattern in hair. This reflects the PFAS exposure of humans, even if blood-hair transfer factors are not yet established for PFAS and subject selection was not representative for the whole German population.

PMID:40782644 | DOI:10.1016/j.envint.2025.109714

J Hazard Mater. 2025 Aug 7;496:139477. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139477. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Ultraviolet/sulfite (UV/S)-based advanced reduction has been considered a promising approach for the degradation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Focusing on the UV/S treatment of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in solutions representative of ion exchange (IEX) regeneration waste, this study highlights the critical need to account for and overcome PFOS aggregation when assessing degradation performance. Aggregation, rather than true degradation, can result in an apparent near-complete decrease in bulk PFOS concentration, leading to misleading interpretations. Despite adjustments in operational parameters, PFOS aggregation and subsequent surface adsorption persisted under high-ionic-strength conditions, introducing artifacts that confound accurate evaluation of degradation efficiency. The addition of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a secondary surfactant effectively mitigated aggregate formation, preventing misleading concentration artifacts. Molecular simulations revealed that CTAB promotes micellar reorganization of PFOS via two synergistic mechanisms: complex salt-bridging interactions and frontier orbital segment pairing. This restructuring also enhanced hydrated electron delivery to PFOS, enabling nearly complete degradation and up to 87 % defluorination. CTAB addition thus emerged as an effective strategy, promoting accelerated PFOS degradation under relatively mild conditions in saline solutions. The mechanistic insights drawn in this study, validated through complementary experiments and simulations, offer novel perspectives on addressing challenges in PFOS degradation.

PMID:40782780 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139477

Environ Sci Process Impacts. 2025 Aug 8. doi: 10.1039/d5em00297d. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Acidic pollutants have long been known to have detrimental impacts on remote ecosystems. They have been subject to assessment through long-term monitoring with low cost methodologies, such as passive sampling. Atmospheric oxidation is becoming recognized as a source of persistent perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) derived from volatile poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substance (PFAS) precursors. In this work, nylon substrate passive air samplers that are selective for atmospheric acids are described. Their PFCA suitability is verified through extensive quality assurance and control tests, including controlled chamber tests for sampling rates. The sampling rate for gaseous trifluoroacetic acid (TFA; C2) is established experimentally, with ultra-trace detection limits at parts per quadrillion by volume mixing ratios (ppqv; 10^-15 mol mol^-1) for a sampling period of one week. Sampling rates for the C3-C6 homologues of the PFCA family were then derived from two diffusion theories of varying complexity. Proof-of-concept measurements were performed at urban, rural continental, and remote marine sites in Canada for over a year. All PFCA homologues from C2-C6 were detected above the method detection limits, with abundance decreasing with increasing chain length and from urban to rural to remote locations. Atmospheric abundance was dominated by TFA, which also showed trends consistent with known sources of precursors and atmospheric oxidation chemistry. This new PFCA-specific passive air sampling method represents a promising new option for the study of PFCA formation, transport, and fate in the atmosphere.

PMID:40778721 | DOI:10.1039/d5em00297d

Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2025 Aug 8;115(2):28. doi: 10.1007/s00128-025-04100-2.

ABSTRACT

Information about perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) like perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and sulfonates (PFSs) in settled dust from emerging and developing countries is still limited, partly due to the lack of efficient analytical methods. In this study, a reliable, simple, and cost-effective analytical procedure was developed and validated to determine 12 PFCAs and 4 PFSs in dust samples. The samples were ultrasonicated with methanol, followed by a dispersive sorbent clean-up step with graphitized carbon and quantification by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. The analytical method exhibited adequate recovery (80-120% for native standards and 50-130% for labeled standards), precision (relative standard deviations < 25%), and detection limits (0.010-0.10 ng/g). The validated method was applied to analyze PFAS concentrations in settled dusts collected from Hanoi, Vietnam. PFASs were frequently detected in the Vietnamese dust samples at relatively low concentrations (median 4.15, max 27.4 ng/g).

PMID:40779167 | DOI:10.1007/s00128-025-04100-2

J Hazard Mater. 2025 Jul 26;496:139361. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139361. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Synthetic organic micropollutants produced and used worldwide ultimately find their way into aquatic ecosystems through wastewater discharge and surface runoff. This contamination can migrate into sediment, where it forms archives. The potential toxicity and persistency of these micropollutants makes it crucial to monitor them. Monitoring efforts have historically used GC-MS to study well-known molecules like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or organochlorine pesticides. However, growing concern around emerging contaminants has spurred efforts to use LC-HRMS analysis to detect and identify a broader panel of small synthetic molecules via non-targeted analysis (NTA). Here we compared several sample preparation methods using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) for non-targeted analysis. UAE was applied on suspended particulate matter from the Rhône River, followed by LC-ESI-QTOF analysis. The dual complexity of HRMS data and sediment matrix poses a challenge for data processing. We developed, combined and discussed open-source software programs (MZmine3, jHRMSToolBox and HaloSeeker 2.0). Even though most of identified molecules are natural and produced by plants or animals, suspect and non-target approaches allowed identifying pharmaceuticals, hormones, personal care products, pesticides, plastic and rubber additives, PFAS, flame-retardants, and other industrial molecules. This work demonstrates valuable insight gained by exploring emerging micropollutants in sediments.

PMID:40779860 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139361

Waste Manag. 2025 Aug 7;206:115050. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115050. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill leachate have emerged as a critical research focus because of their substantial environmental and health risks. However, the fate and transformation of PFAS across different treatment processes, particularly within specific techniques such as biotreatment, remains understudied in current research. This study systematically investigated the occurrence, fate, and removal of PFAS in a full-scale MSW landfill leachate treatment system in Shanghai, China. Thirty-two PFAS were analyzed in the raw leachate and the whole treatment process, including the equalization tank, the membrane bioreactor (MBR) system, and the nanofiltration (NF) process. Results showed that perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) were the predominant compounds in both the raw leachate and effluents. The MBR process exhibited negative removal efficiencies for short-chain PFAS (-187.4 % to -103.5 %), indicating substantial precursor transformation, while NF achieved effective removal (42.1 % to 95.6 %). Solid phases of the sludge samples accumulated long-chain PFAS (log K_d up to 4.4), acting as significant secondary sources. Mass flow analysis revealed that denitrification processes increased the absolute daily load of PFOA (calculated as concentration × flow rate) by 4286 %, with the total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assays demonstrating thefluorotelomer-based precursors were the major contributors to perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) formation. The findings provide essential insights for developing more effective leachate treatment strategies and sludge management approaches to mitigate PFAS environmental release from MSW landfills.

PMID:40779926 | DOI:10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115050

Environ Sci Technol. 2025 Aug 19;59(32):17247-17257. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5c04730. Epub 2025 Aug 7.

ABSTRACT

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely recognized as emerging contaminants because they are ubiquitous in various environmental media. Their potential for chronic toxicity after prolonged human exposure is a growing concern. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop an appropriate technology to efficiently treat and rapidly and consistently monitor PFAS levels. This study reports the development of the first aptamers that can bind to perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), with a dissociation constant (K_D) of 6.76 μM, and exhibit a high specificity for PFOS even in the presence of other PFAS. The binding site and mechanism of the prepared aptamers are explored using truncation and molecular dynamics simulations, which show that the lengths of fluorocarbons and functional groups are important recognition epitopes. To demonstrate the application potential of the prepared aptamers, an aptamer-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction method is also developed, which exhibits picomolar-level detection capabilities and a limit of detection of 5.8 pM (2.9 ng/L), indicating its high sensitivity. Our findings demonstrate the potential of the developed method in the rapid in situ monitoring of PFOS at contamination sites, which will facilitate its early detection before rigorous analysis.

PMID:40772729 | PMC:PMC12368987 | DOI:10.1021/acs.est.5c04730

Environ Sci Technol. 2025 Aug 19;59(32):16852-16863. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5c02521. Epub 2025 Aug 7.

ABSTRACT

Drinking water contributes 1.2-61% of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure, but little information is available on PFAS in private wells serving 17% of the U.S. population. Well users (n = 271) from four U.S. states collected tap water samples for analysis of 25 PFAS. Participants received results report comparing their water to PFAS health guidelines and recommending water filters when guidelines were exceeded. Follow-up surveys asked respondents what actions they took in response. To identify potential PFAS sources, we computed distances from households to PFAS sources recorded in EPA's PFAS Analytic Tools and other public databases and used spatial regression models to analyze relationships between these sources and water quality. PFAS were found in 15% of wells in the area with no known sources, some above a health guideline, and 53-88% of wells at sites with known sources. Total PFAS concentrations were significantly higher in wells closer to PFAS production facilities, Superfund sites, spill sites, and federal facilities. When recommended, 49% installed filters, while none did where water met the guidelines. Our study sheds insight into geographic variation in PFAS in private wells, the influence of potential PFAS sources on well water quality, and private well user decision-making in response to PFAS water quality information.

PMID:40773380 | PMC:PMC12369001 | DOI:10.1021/acs.est.5c02521

J Hazard Mater. 2025 Aug 6;496:139456. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139456. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Surface Water Foam (SWF) and underlying Surface Water (SW) were collected from six distinct sites across Michigan using a novel sampling device. PFAS were detected in all SWF samples (Σ41 compounds, n = 14; Avg total PFAS=54,895 ng/L). SWF samples were enriched in high and intermediate molecular volume PFAS relative to SW samples (n = 10) which were dominated by low molecular volume, short-chain PFAS (Avg total PFAS=21 ng/L). Ultra-long-chain and rarely detected PFAS were quantified in SWF that were not detected in SW. Wet and dry SWFs were distinguished by appearance, liquid content, and PFAS composition. Dry SWFs had higher total PFAS concentrations than wet SWFs (Avg total PFAS difference =158,330 ng/L). Intermediate molecular volume PFAS constituted a greater percentage of total PFAS concentrations in wet SWFs, whereas dry SWFs were dominated by high molecular volume PFAS. Principal component and cluster analyses show distinct compositional differences between SW, wet SWF, and dry SWF. A conceptual model is proposed to describe changes in PFAS composition during the evolution and aging of SWFs. Bubbles created from turbulence in surface waters initially accumulate to form wet SWFs. Liquid drains as wet SWFs evolve towards dry SWFs and lower molecular weight PFAS with lower air-water interface (AWI) adsorption drain with the liquid. This enriches dry SWFs with higher molecular volume PFAS that have higher AWI adsorption (up to five orders of magnitude). This study demonstrates the value of SWFs as a complementary sampling matrix for quantifying high and intermediate volume PFAS in natural surface water systems.

PMID:40773841 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139456

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Aug 6;303:118819. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118819. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are pervasive environmental pollutants associated with aging-related diseases and mortality risks, yet their relationship with biological aging remains underexplored. Notably, dietary antioxidants like caffeine have been shown to alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation, and these pathways are closely related to PFAS-induced toxicity and aging processes. However, whether dietary caffeine intake could mitigate the adverse effect of PFAS on biological aging is still unknown. This study aims to investigate the association between PFAS exposure and biological aging among participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2018, and assess the potential modification effect of dietary caffeine intake. Biological aging indicators were calculated using the Klemera-Doubal method (KDM-BA) and Phenotypic Age (PhenoAge). This study included 6846 participants (3385 men [49.4 %], 3461 women [50.6 %]) with a mean age of 60 ± 11 years. After adjusting for potential covariates, we found significant positive correlations between exposure to PFHS and biological aging (KDM-BA: 0.56 [0.25-0.87]; PhenoAge: 0.46 [0.08-0.83]). Notably, these correlations were more pronounced among participants with lower caffeine intake (KDM-BA: 0.80 [0.41-1.19]; PhenoAge: 0.80 [0.30-1.30]). Furthermore, results from the restricted cubic spline model indicated a nonlinear relationship between PFHS and biological aging. The weighted quantile sum model demonstrates PFAS mixture was positively associated with biological aging (KDM-BA: 1.25 [1.04-1.45]; PhenoAge: 0.79 [0.55-1.03]). Our findings suggested that PFAS were significantly associated with biological aging, whereas higher dietary caffeine intake may mitigate these adverse effects, highlighting the importance of this preventive measure.

PMID:40773913 | DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118819

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Aug 5;303:118783. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118783. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia contributes significantly to the global disease burden, and identifying its risk factors is essential for prevention. However, the effects of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on sarcopenia remain underexplored.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the association between mixed POPs exposure and sarcopenia and explored the mediating roles of inflammation and oxidative stress, along with potential molecular targets.

METHODS: A total of 2106 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analyzed. Data included 19 POPs across four categories: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), as well as sarcopenia status and covariates. Logistic regression and restricted cubic splines assessed individual effects, while weighted quantile sum regression (WQS), Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR), and quantile-based g-computation examined mixed effects. Mediation analysis evaluated the roles of inflammation and oxidative stress, and network pharmacology identified potential pathways and targets.

RESULTS: The WQS index for mixed POPs exposure was inversely associated with sarcopenia, with PCB146 contributing the most. In BKMR models, PFHS (PIP=0.65) was the top contributor to sarcopenia risk In separate WQS regression models, exposure to PCBs and PBDEs was significantly inversely associated with the risk of sarcopenia, with odds ratios (ORs) of 0.66 (95 % CI: 0.46, 0.96) and 0.74 (95 % CI: 0.57, 0.98), respectively. In contrast, OCP exposure showed a significant positive association with sarcopenia (OR: 1.86, 95 % CI: 1.31, 2.63). No significant association was found between PFAS exposure and sarcopenia (P > 0.05). Lower exposure showed a stronger negative effect for PCBs and PBDEs, whereas OCPs had the opposite trend. Inflammation mediated the effects of PCB187 and ppDDE, explaining 3.54 % and 2.87 %, respectively. CDKN1A, NFKBIA, CSF1R, and TFRC were key genes.

CONCLUSION: Excessive OCPs was positively associated with sarcopenia, whereas PCBs, PFAS, and PBDEs showed inverse associations. CDKN1A, NFKBIA, CSF1R, and TFRC may be key targets through which POPs influence sarcopenia development.

PMID:40768999 | DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118783

Environ Sci Technol. 2025 Aug 19;59(32):17222-17234. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5c03460. Epub 2025 Aug 5.

ABSTRACT

Emerging contaminants (ECs) in coastal urban rivers threaten marine ecosystems, yet existing prioritization strategies focus on the physicochemical properties of ECs, neglecting the contribution of environmental conditions (e.g., pollution sources and hydrological dynamics) to the transport behavior of ECs. This study integrates suspect and nontarget screening with spatial autocorrelation analysis to establish a monitoring-driven prioritization strategy. In this study, 276 ECs were identified in an urban river discharging into Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea, including five newly detected per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). The source-tracing analysis, incorporating multidimensional indicators, revealed three representative pollution patterns of ECs in rivers: single-point, composite-point, and mixed sources. Spatial autocorrelation derived from monitoring data was evaluated for 161 ECs with source assignment and intrinsic properties, such as mobility, demonstrating the potential of spatial autocorrelation/connectivity to capture the combined effects of chemical characteristics and actual environmental conditions on ECs' transport behavior. A quantitative measure of spatial connectivity, correlation length, was applied to prioritize ECs. PFAS from mixed sources exhibited high priority. Persistence, mobility, and toxicity (PMT) evaluation highlighted the need for further investigation into the ecological risks posed by prioritized PFAS. This approach guides targeted monitoring and in-depth risk assessments of ECs, supporting efficient coastal ecosystem management.

PMID:40762229 | DOI:10.1021/acs.est.5c03460

Aquat Toxicol. 2025 Aug 4;287:107524. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107524. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The Veneto Region (Italy) experienced one of the heaviest contaminations by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), pollutants of emerging concern due to their environmental persistence and bioaccumulation potential in animal tissues. Hence, there is a need to study their impact on freshwater fish inhabiting contaminated rivers, particularly at the level of the antioxidant system, since PFAS are known to cause an imbalance in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, thereby increasing the risk of oxidative stress. This study examines the physiological responses triggered by chronic exposure to three distinct environmental concentrations of PFAS in the European chub (Squalius cephalus). The sites were classified as "control" (with a PFAS concentration < 5 ng/L), "low polluted" (5.64 ng/L) and "highly polluted" (582.6 ng/L). Biochemical and molecular analyses were performed on the kidney, one of the main organs for xenobiotic bioaccumulation. The catalase (CAT) and selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidases (Se-GPXs) expression was quantified at both active protein and mRNA transcript levels. Results confirm the activation of antioxidant defences against the risk of PFAS-induced oxidative stress. There is a differential induction in the biosynthesis of enzymes inside specific intracellular compartments: CAT in peroxisomes in the "low polluted" site and Se-GPXs in the cytoplasm in the "highly polluted" one. The gene gpx1 was the only isoform whose mRNA level corresponded to that of the active protein, suggesting the highest contribution to the biosynthesis of Se-GPXs at high PFAS concentrations. Conversely, gpx4 increased its transcription level in the "low polluted" site, which didn't match with an increase in protein content, leading us to hypothesise an involvement of specific cytoplasmic mRNA-protein complexes, called stress granules, acting in the temporary silencing of gpx4.

PMID:40763376 | DOI:10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107524

Mar Pollut Bull. 2025 Aug 4;221:118490. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118490. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic chemicals that are recognized for their environmental persistence and potential toxicity. As regulatory pressure increases on legacy PFAS, emerging alternatives are being increasingly used. However, their environmental toxicological profiles remain poorly understood. The present study compares the biochemical effects of legacy (PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA) and emerging (GenX, PFBA, PFBS, and PFHxS) PFAS on the mussel species Mytilus galloprovincialis, using in vitro exposures of digestive gland (DG) and gills (G) tissues. The results highlighted tissue-specific responses, with greater biochemical variability observed in the DG. This was particularly evident under exposure to emerging PFAS, which appeared to induce oxidative stress disturbances and detoxification pathways, as indicated by increased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione S-transferases activities and reduced total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels. In contrast, the G showed a strong inhibition of both AChE and carboxylesterases activities and decreased TAC levels, possibly due to neurotoxic effects and compromised redox homeostasis. These findings suggest that emerging PFAS induce diverse and pronounced effects in the DG, whereas legacy PFAS generally cause less divergent biochemical responses. Further research into intra-group variability, especially among emerging PFAS, is essential for understanding their ecological risks and developing targeted regulatory frameworks.

PMID:40763591 | DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118490

Sci Total Environ. 2025 Aug 4;996:180156. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180156. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The use of organic waste products (OWPs) as soil amendments raises concerns due to the potential uptake and accumulation of several environmental contaminants, such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in plants. We developed an analytical procedure suitable for screening 75 anionic, zwitterionic, and cationic PFAS in plant tissues (limits of detection: 0.01-0.7 μg/kg). PFAS recoveries were verified in diverse types of crops representative of French agriculture, including maize and wheat (Mainland France) and sugarcane (Overseas France). In the second step, we applied this method to investigate PFAS uptake and accumulation in maize, wheat, and sugarcane grown in experimental fields of France. The ∑₇₅ PFAS in crops harvested from these sites remained relatively low (0.01-2.5 μg/kg) without effects of OWP amendments on plant PFAS concentrations, despite an increase in PFAS in OWP-amended soils. A negative correlation between soil organic carbon and ∑₇₅ PFAS in plants suggests a possible inhibition of PFAS uptake by crops as soil organic matter increases. The dominant PFAS in plant samples included perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA: 0.10-2.2 μg/kg), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA: 0.02-0.66 μg/kg), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS: 0.01-0.48 μg/kg), accounting for 64-80 % (PFBA), 14-16 % (PFOA) and 6-13 % (PFOS) of the total PFAS, with bioaccumulation factors higher than unity for PFBA and lower than unity for PFOS and PFOA. Bioaccumulation factors were significantly higher in young leaves than in grains, implying limited PFAS transfer to the edible plant tissues of maize and wheat. With the recent lower reference doses (RfD) recommended by the USEPA (2021-2024), the consumption of grains in this study can pose significant risks to humans; however, considering the RfD from EFSA, these crops are safe for human consumption.

PMID:40763610 | DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180156