Circular Economy

Eng Microbiol. 2025 Aug 19;5(4):100232. doi: 10.1016/j.engmic.2025.100232. eCollection 2025 Dec.

ABSTRACT

Polystyrene (PS) is a polyolefin plastic that is used extensively in food packaging. The chemical structure of PS is extremely stable owing to its C-C backbone and styrene rings, making it highly resistant to biodegradation, which causes serious environmental pollution and health threats. Although certain microorganisms have been reported to degrade PS waste, most studies have focused on the changes in the molecular weight and surface structure of plastics. These slight degradation phenomena make it extremely difficult to detect the degradation products, thus challenging the definitive demonstration of PS degradation. This study investigated the co-cultivation of the polyolefin plastic-degrading bacterium Raoultella sp. DY2415 and the benzoic acid bioconversion strain Pseudomonas putida KT2440-ΔRBC. BA is a possible degradation product of PS and can be converted by P. putida KT2440-ΔRBC into the high value-added compound muconic acid (MA). After co-cultivation, MA was detected in the medium, indicating that Raoultella sp. DY2415 degraded PS and generated BA, which was subsequently utilized by P. putida KT2440-ΔRBC for MA synthesis. This study demonstrated the biodegradation of PS and the synthesis of MA through a fully biological process, thereby promoting the circular economy of plastics.

PMID:41982660 | PMC:PMC12967824 | DOI:10.1016/j.engmic.2025.100232

ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2026 Apr 15. doi: 10.1021/acsami.6c01369. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The development of next-generation nanotheranostics is increasingly challenged by the dual imperatives of environmental sustainability and the urgent need to overcome complex biological barriers, particularly multidrug resistance (MDR) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Herein, we bridge the gap between circular economy principles and precision nanomedicine by upcycling discarded eggshell membranes (ESM) into a hierarchical metabolic therapeutic platform. Utilizing the protein fiber network of ESM as a natural biotemplate, we orchestrated the anisotropic growth of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) into unique yolk-shell nanostructures (YSNs) via interfacial molecular recognition. This bioinspired architecture features a high specific surface area, enabling the efficient coloading of the chemotherapeutic cisplatin (CDDP) and ultrathin vanadium carbide (V₄C₃) MXene nanozymes, stabilized by a biotinylated carboxymethyl chitosan (Biotin-CMCS) targeting shell. Mechanistically, this "Trojan Horse" system exploits the acidic tumor microenvironment (TME) to trigger a rapid cascade of disassembly, releasing a surge of Ca²⁺ ions and MXene-driven reactive oxygen species (ROS). Crucially, we demonstrate that the resulting mitochondrial calcium overload instigates a catastrophic "bioenergetic crisis," characterized by the irreversible opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores (mPTP) and the precipitous depletion of intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This metabolic collapse effectively deactivates ATP-dependent DNA repair machineries (e.g.,poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) and excision repair cross-complementation group 1 (ERCC1)), thereby reversing cisplatin resistance and sensitizing tumor cells to DNA damage. In vivo evaluations in HCC xenografts confirm potent tumor regression with minimal systemic toxicity, facilitated by the renal clearance of biodegradable calcium metabolites. This work presents a paradigm shift in material design, transforming biowaste into a metabolic reprogramming weapon for sustainable and effective cancer therapy.

PMID:41984466 | DOI:10.1021/acsami.6c01369

J Ind Ecol. 2021;25(6):1486-1502. doi: 10.1111/jiec.13166. Epub 2021 Jul 1.

ABSTRACT

Globally, more than half of all extracted materials are used to build and maintain material stocks. The United States of America (USA) is one of the largest global consumers of these materials. To assess the role of stocks for long-term material use in an affluent industrialized economy, we present an analysis of material use and stock accumulation for the USA from 1870 to 2100. On the basis of the dynamics of stocks and resulting end-of-life (EoL) outflows, we investigate stock-building material demand, waste management, and circular economy potentials and present two prospective scenarios until 2100 to highlight the long-term effect of stock-flow dynamics. From 1870 to 2017, we found continuous stock growth, which strongly decelerated after the 2007 crisis. Overall, 40% of historical domestic material consumption was used to build and maintain stocks. EoL outflows from stocks increased until 2017, about half of which were discarded as final waste. In both prospective scenarios to 2100, stock build-up and maintenance require material inputs larger than those used over the whole historical period. Stabilizing stocks near the current level could mitigate 23% of material demand compared to a return to pre-2007 stock growth. Stabilized stocks also result in stable EoL outflows after 2050, whereas ongoing stock growth makes outflows grow until 2080. Increased recycling of these EoL outflows could potentially cover for large parts of material requirements for maintaining stable future stocks. Limiting demand for stocks and increasing recycling will require targeted demand-side policies, adjustments to EoL management, and the establishment of recycling industries within the USA. This article met the requirements for a gold-gold JIE data openness badge described at http://jie.click/badges.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version of this article (doi:10.1111/jiec.13166) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

PMID:41982213 | PMC:PMC13070052 | DOI:10.1111/jiec.13166

J Ind Ecol. 2019;23(1):169-181. doi: 10.1111/jiec.12645. Epub 2017 Aug 26.

ABSTRACT

This paper describes the challenges faced, and opportunities identified, by a multidisciplinary team of researchers developing a novel closed loop system to recover valuable metals and reduce e-waste, focusing on mobile phones as a case study. This multidisciplinary approach is contrasted with current top-down approaches to making the transition to the circular economy (CE). The aim of the research presented here is to develop a product service system (PSS) that facilitates the recovery of valuable functional components and metals from mobile phone circuit boards. To create a holistic solution and limit unintended consequences, in addition to technological solutions, this paper considers appropriate component lifetimes; the (often ignored) role of the citizen in the circular economy; customer interaction with the PSS; environmental life cycle assessment; and social impacts of the proposed PSS. Development of enabling technologies and materials to facilitate recovery of components and metals and to provide an emotionally durable external enclosure is described. This research also highlights the importance of understanding value in the CE from a multifaceted and interdisciplinary perspective.

PMID:41983096 | PMC:PMC13070977 | DOI:10.1111/jiec.12645

Molecules. 2026 Mar 31;31(7):1160. doi: 10.3390/molecules31071160.

ABSTRACT

Food by-products have gained importance as valuable sources of bioactive compounds and structural lipids, with potential applications in food packaging. These residues, such as fruit peels, seeds, and fish skin, contain polymers and natural compounds like polyphenols, carotenoids, tocopherols, and phospholipids, which possess antioxidant and antimicrobial properties highly relevant for food preservation. However, the direct incorporation of these compounds is limited by their sensitivity to environmental factors such as light, oxygen, and pH. Liposomal encapsulation has emerged as a promising strategy to overcome these challenges, providing protection, controlled release, and increased bioavailability of both hydrophilic and lipophilic bioactives. The formulation of liposomes using lipids recovered from food industry by-products introduces an additional sustainability component, in line with the principles of the circular economy. Combining liposomes with other advanced preservation technologies, such as edible coatings and films, electrospinning fibers, and cyclodextrin inclusion complexes, is a promising alternative for extending the shelf-life and safety of food products, as well as for the development of functional foods. This review discusses the latest advances in liposome formulations with food by-products and their combination with other technologies to enhance their effectiveness in food preservation.

PMID:41976200 | PMC:PMC13075032 | DOI:10.3390/molecules31071160

Foods. 2026 Mar 31;15(7):1174. doi: 10.3390/foods15071174.

ABSTRACT

Aging is closely linked to oxidative stress and inflammation. This review provides a critical overview of the antioxidant compounds present in apple pomace and explores how they may mitigate age-related oxidative damage and inflammatory responses. We focus on the nutritional profile of apple pomace including its macro- and micronutrients, with particular focus on polyphenols, such as procyanidin tannins, quercetin glycosides (rutin, quercetin-3-glucoside), phloridzin, dietary fiber, vitamins, and lipids alongside current techniques for isolating its bioactive components. Special attention is given to biological pathways through which these compounds influence aging: redox regulation via Nrf2, inflammatory modulation via NF-κB, and metabolic regulation via AMPK, SIRT1 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR. Evidence from in vitro cellular models (HepG2, CCD-986Sk fibroblasts), in vivo rodent studies and limited human pilot trials is summarized, as well as existing and emerging applications of apple pomace in functional foods, cosmeceuticals, and other sectors. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future opportunities in harnessing this by-product of the food industry. Although clinical data remain limited, preclinical findings support the repurposing of apple pomace as a sustainable functional ingredient contributing to healthier aging and circular economy goals. Future long-term randomized controlled trials are necessary to confirm efficacy in humans.

PMID:41976468 | PMC:PMC13073852 | DOI:10.3390/foods15071174

Molecules. 2026 Apr 3;31(7):1194. doi: 10.3390/molecules31071194.

ABSTRACT

Health-promoting foods are attracting growing interest as complements to pharmacological interventions, particularly when incorporated into bioactive-enriched functional foods. The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) plays a key socio-economic role in arid and semi-arid regions, and is widely recognized for its high nutritional value, functional attributes, and therapeutic potential. Date fruits and their processing by-products, particularly the seeds, are a rich source of essential nutrients, dietary fiber, and diverse phytochemicals with documented antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial properties. This narrative review summarizes the latest evidence from experimental, preclinical, and emerging clinical studies on the nutritional composition, phytochemical profile, and biofunctional properties of dates and their derivatives, with particular emphasis on seeds as a significant processing by-product. Recent advances in their valorization for food applications, including bakery products, dairy products, beverages, meat products, confectionery, and active packaging, are critically discussed, as are their emerging uses in the pharmaceutical and related industries. Particular attention is given to their potential to improve the nutritional quality, functional performance, sensory attributes, and shelf life of food products. Overall, date fruits and their by-products are cost-effective, natural, and sustainable ingredients for developing value-added functional foods. Their efficient valorization offers promising strategies for reducing waste, implementing circular economy principles, and meeting the increasing consumer demand for healthier products. This review highlights the need for multidisciplinary research and innovation to advance sustainable by-product utilization, improve agro-industrial waste management, and expand the range of high-value applications for date fruits and seeds, thereby contributing to global food security, economic development, and improved public health.

PMID:41976234 | PMC:PMC13074339 | DOI:10.3390/molecules31071194

Foods. 2026 Apr 7;15(7):1266. doi: 10.3390/foods15071266.

ABSTRACT

The expansion of the global agri-food industry has led to the generation of large volumes of processing by-products that, although traditionally treated as waste, represent valuable sources of bioactive phytochemicals with potential for sustainable valorisation. This review critically examines the integration of fruit, vegetable, cereal, and dairy processing side streams into functional dairy products. Particular attention is given to recent advances in green and emerging extraction technologies, including ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction, with emphasis on their efficiency, environmental performance, and effects on the stability and recovery of phytochemicals. The review also discusses the health-related properties of these bioactive compounds, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic regulatory effects, in relation to their incorporation into milk, yogurt, cheese, and ice cream matrices. In addition, key barriers to industrial implementation are assessed, including compound stability, sensory constraints, bioavailability, and current regulatory limitations. Beyond direct fortification, the review also considers broader valorisation pathways, such as the biotechnological production of microbial enzymes from agro-industrial biomass, as relevant strategies for supporting circularity. Overall, this review highlights how sustainable extraction approaches and functional dairy innovation can contribute to improving the nutritional value, resource efficiency, and circularity of the dairy sector.

PMID:41976558 | PMC:PMC13072995 | DOI:10.3390/foods15071266

Foods. 2026 Apr 1;15(7):1183. doi: 10.3390/foods15071183.

ABSTRACT

The minimisation of substances of concern in packaging is a key objective of the European Union's Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation (PPWR), complementing existing legislation governing the safety of food contact materials. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) present particular challenges due to their persistence, chemical diversity, and documented use in certain food contact materials. Article 5 of the PPWR requires packaging to be designed and manufactured to minimise such substances throughout the life cycle. This study develops a structured, material-based PFAS risk matrix to support compliance screening for food packaging under Article 5. The approach combines scientific evidence on PFAS occurrence, functional applications, and analytical detection with material classification systems used in recyclability assessments. Packaging materials are categorised by their likelihood of PFAS relevance, enabling proportionate prioritisation of efforts. Application of the matrix shows that fibre-based materials with grease- or water-resistant treatments exhibit higher relevance than glass, untreated paper, or polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The framework also clarifies the role of total fluorine (TF) and extractable organic fluorine (EOF) as supportive, material-specific indicators rather than standalone compliance metrics. By integrating PFAS considerations into design, sourcing, and portfolio management, the framework promotes proactive chemical risk governance aligned with circular economy objectives.

PMID:41976477 | PMC:PMC13074049 | DOI:10.3390/foods15071183

Molecules. 2026 Mar 30;31(7):1143. doi: 10.3390/molecules31071143.

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the application of apricot stone, an agro-industrial by-product, as a sustainable biosorbent for the removal of Zn ions from aqueous solutions and industrial galvanic wastewater. The equilibrium data conformed well to the Sips isotherm model, indicating heterogeneous sorption behavior, and revealed a maximum sorption capacity of 58.2 mg/g. The biosorbent exhibited a high initial removal efficiency of 95% in aqueous Zn solutions, while its performance in real industrial wastewater was reduced to 55%, due to matrix interference. Ecotoxicological test using seed germination assays revealed no phytotoxic effects from the Zn-loaded sorbent. These findings demonstrate that apricot stone is an effective, low-cost, and environmentally friendly sorbent with significant potential for application in Zn-contaminated water treatment systems, contributing to circular economy and waste valorization initiatives.

PMID:41976185 | PMC:PMC13074915 | DOI:10.3390/molecules31071143

Materials (Basel). 2026 Apr 1;19(7):1415. doi: 10.3390/ma19071415.

ABSTRACT

This research investigates novel polymeric composite materials made from recycled polyolefin and waste plant biomass (poplar seeds and vegetable peels), which have potential applications in the relatively unexplored field of electrical insulation. For composites made from poplar seeds with low density polyethylene matrix, the structure appears more uniform, even with increased biomass content, in contrast to those utilizing high density polyethylene matrix, which displays notable heterogeneous areas where the polymer appears separated from the fibrous network at higher biomass levels. Concerning the composites of vegetable peels with high density polyethylene matrix, the fragments of vegetable peels are clearly recognizable, and their bond to the polymer matrix appears weaker. When incorporating vegetable peels into the polypropylene matrix, it results in a better distribution of the vegetable peel fragments within the polymer matrix, as well as enhanced structural homogeneity. Overall, the incorporation of biomass reduces the Shore hardness measurement for every polymer matrix. Regarding tear resistance, the inclusion of biomass reduces the values only for low density polyethylene with poplar seeds. For both high density polyethylene and polypropylene, regardless of the biomass type, the property seems to enhance marginally with the addition of biomass. The primary advantage of utilizing these composites is that their water absorption rate is at least twice as low as that of transformer board, while still offering a similar capacity for absorbing transformer oil. All composite types exceeded the minimum required threshold of 70 °C for service exposure, and adhered to insulation class A, similar to cellulose-based insulations. The addition of cellulose to polyolefin composites appears to slightly improve their breakdown strength. The conductivity for this type of composite is at least three times lower than that of cellulose insulation materials, rendering them beneficial for applications in electrical engineering as potential substitutes for cellulose-based materials in multiple electrical insulation uses, e.g., for insulating low voltage electrical machines, as well as serving as a substitute for pressboard in transformers. Additionally, their thermoplastic properties offer enhanced processing versatility, opening up new opportunities for electrical engineering technology, especially with regard to electrical insulation recyclability in the context of a circular economy.

PMID:41976701 | PMC:PMC13073956 | DOI:10.3390/ma19071415

Polymers (Basel). 2026 Mar 29;18(7):834. doi: 10.3390/polym18070834.

ABSTRACT

Sustainable revalorization of agave bagasse, a lignocellulosic residue from mezcal production, is essential for environmental management. This study evaluated its potential as a substrate for the in vitro cultivation of the wild edible mushroom Pleurotus agaves. Characterization revealed a robust lignocellulosic matrix (70.9-75.87% NDF, 42.05-51.18% ADF and 10% lignin) and significant antioxidant potential, particularly in A. marmorata, which also exhibited higher total reducing sugars (11.94 mg/mL). This provides an energetic advantage for initial mycelial growth. Substrate microstructure was analyzed via microscopy (CLSM/SEM) before and after thermal pretreatment (55 °C). The IE-2038 strain was tested in five formulations: straw (P-55), bagasse (B-55), and straw-bagasse mixtures at 50-50%, 25-75%, and 75-25%. Mycelial growth rates indicated that PB-55 and pB-55 exhibited the fastest fungal colonization (8.2 mm/day and 8.3 mm/day). Microstructural analysis revealed significant damage to the polymeric organization of the bagasse, caused by mezcal production techniques and thermal treatment. This damage made lignin and cellulose more accessible for P. agaves. This synergy is supported by the adaptation of P. agaves to agave stalks. These findings confirm the capacity of bagasse as a sustainably bioprocessed substrate for edible mushroom cultivation, providing an effective alternative for the revalorization of agro-industrial residues that contribute to the circular economy.

PMID:41977582 | PMC:PMC13074377 | DOI:10.3390/polym18070834

Materials (Basel). 2026 Apr 7;19(7):1471. doi: 10.3390/ma19071471.

ABSTRACT

Municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (MSWIBA) represents both a resource opportunity and an environmental challenge in waste-to-energy systems. This comprehensive review examines MSWIBA's physicochemical properties, heavy metal behavior, and applications in construction materials, alongside metal recovery techniques and risk mitigation strategies. The research introduces an integrated management framework combining property assessment with coordinated stream processing to reconcile resource recovery with environmental safety. Future studies should focus on advanced analytical methods, hybrid processes, long-term immobilization mechanisms, and life cycle assessment. These innovations aim to transform MSWIBA into a sustainable resource, supporting circular economy principles and low-carbon development.

PMID:41976757 | PMC:PMC13074831 | DOI:10.3390/ma19071471

Polymers (Basel). 2026 Apr 6;18(7):892. doi: 10.3390/polym18070892.

ABSTRACT

Repurposing decommissioned wind turbine blades provides a vital pathway to mitigate carbon emissions, yet the escalating volume of large-scale waste poses a severe environmental challenge. Recognizing the limitation that existing research focuses predominantly on small-scale legacy blades, this study addresses this gap by assessing the mechanical properties and microstructure of a 54-m (2.0 MW) blade decommissioned due to repowering after 10 years of service. GFRP samples extracted from the root, mid-span, and tip were investigated using X-ray computed tomography and a comprehensive suite of mechanical tests. The investigation confirmed a low internal porosity (~1.2%) without service-induced macroscopic interfacial cracking, alongside superior residual performance, exemplified by a tensile strength of 849.5 MPa at the root. Statistical analysis employing ANOVA revealed significant spatial variations, supporting a graded reuse strategy: roots with superior tensile strengths for critical members, mid-spans for axial compression, and tips as a reliable property baseline for general reuse, while Weibull analysis verified the statistical reliability required for structural design. Based on these superior residual properties, a raft-type wave energy converter utilizing repurposed blade segments was proposed. A comparative carbon footprint assessment revealed that this blade-repurposed WEC achieved a 71.5% reduction in carbon emissions and a 37.4% reduction in structural mass compared to conventional steel counterparts. These findings substantiate the viability of large-scale DWTBs as high-value resources for decarbonizing marine infrastructure within a circular economy.

PMID:41977640 | PMC:PMC13075109 | DOI:10.3390/polym18070892

Plants (Basel). 2026 Mar 24;15(7):991. doi: 10.3390/plants15070991.

ABSTRACT

Bio-waste (i.e., peels), the by-products obtained from the processing of fruits and vegetables, represents an outstanding advance in agricultural waste valorization due to phytochemical (bioactive compounds) enrichment and the approach to a bio-circular economy and agronomic systems free of hazardous pesticides (soil remediation). These alternatives, which are environmentally friendly and sustainable, are greatly relevant to food and nutraceuticals based on bioactive compounds extracted mostly from peels. Bioactive compounds are defined as natural chemical compounds that have a positive influence on human health. They can aid in the prevention of chronic disease (cancer and degenerative, intestinal bowel and cardiovascular disease) and other types of disease. The bioactive compounds with these properties belong to the family of polyphenol compounds, which include flavonoids (i.e., flavones, flavanones, and anthocyanins), non-flavonoids (phenolic acids, stilbenes, lignin, coumarins, and tannins), and terpenes (carotenoids, lycopene, phytosterols, and monoterpenes). The extraction of these compounds from the peels of fruits and vegetables has gained increasing interest as a sustainable technology because of the use of safety solvents. Another important issue to highlight is the enormous potential of bioactive compounds, as mentioned above, in the biotechnology of these compounds, particularly in terms of the development of a delivery system targeting the site of action.

PMID:41977649 | PMC:PMC13074567 | DOI:10.3390/plants15070991

Plants (Basel). 2026 Mar 24;15(7):996. doi: 10.3390/plants15070996.

ABSTRACT

The pods of pea (Pisum sativum L.), an abundant agroindustry by-product, represents a sustainable source of bioactive compounds. To harness these compounds effectively, this study aimed to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of polyphenols and plant pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids) from pea pod waste using response surface methodology, and to evaluate the encapsulation of the resulting extract with a novel pea-based carrier derived from whole pea grain powder. The optimal conditions for the extraction were a time of 45 min, a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:48 (w/v), and an ethanol concentration of 58.51% (v/v). The extract obtained under these conditions was encapsulated using pea grain powder and compared with a conventional whey protein carrier. The resulting microencapsulates were characterized in terms of process yield, moisture content, particle size distribution, thermal properties, and phenolic composition. Pea grain powder as a carrier provided higher powder yield, lower moisture content, and improved thermal stability, whereas whey protein allowed slightly higher retention of most bioactive compounds, except for coumaric acid and kaempferol. Overall, these findings highlight pea grain powder as a promising plant-based carrier that supports the valorization of pea pod waste, contributing to the development of sustainable ingredients and a circular economy for legume processing by-products.

PMID:41977655 | PMC:PMC13074966 | DOI:10.3390/plants15070996

Polymers (Basel). 2026 Apr 1;18(7):870. doi: 10.3390/polym18070870.

ABSTRACT

Amid growing environmental concerns regarding the use of non-biodegradable plastic packaging and its potential emerging contaminants, such as microplastics, currently among the most pressing global challenges, researchers in the food sector are increasingly pursuing sustainable alternatives. In this context, various organic sources have been explored for the development of innovative biocompatible films. These films exhibit properties such as low water vapor permeability, transparency, and biodegradability, and have recently gained active functionalities. These enable the extension of the shelf life of packaged foods by controlling microbial activity and oxidative degradation. Lipid-based compounds derived from animal and plant sources-including phospholipids, essential oils, free fatty acids, and saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids-have proven highly effective when incorporated into films, leading to significant physicochemical, mechanical, and microbiological improvements in both the films and the packaged products. Owing to their high hydrophobic capacity, these lipids markedly reduce water vapor permeability, which is crucial for extending the shelf life of high-moisture foods. Studies have shown that the incorporation of lipid compounds can increase film tensile strength by up to 37% and enhance antioxidant activity by over 75%. Moreover, many of these compounds exhibit antibacterial and antimicrobial activities, becoming active on the surface of food in contact. However, many bioactive compounds have poor dispersion in aqueous solutions, limiting their effectiveness in the final product. When encapsulated with the aid of a lipid fraction, the bioavailability of these compounds is improved, and their release can be effectively controlled. This review aims to consolidate recent research on the production of biopolymer films incorporating various types of lipid compounds, highlighting their enhancements and potential applications in active food packaging systems.

PMID:41977618 | PMC:PMC13074946 | DOI:10.3390/polym18070870

Molecules. 2026 Mar 27;31(7):1098. doi: 10.3390/molecules31071098.

ABSTRACT

The escalating demand for sustainable, nutrient-dense feeds underscores the need to valorize the agro-industrial byproducts utilizing innovative bioconversion strategies. In this context, we have studied the feasibility of incorporating tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivation residues into Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae diets to produce high-protein insect meals. These residues are known to contain the naturally occurring toxic steroidal alkaloids tomatidine and α-tomatine, prohibiting their incorporation into human and animal diets. Herein, the tomato cultivation biomass was dried and mill-ground, and its varying volumes were incorporated into standard poultry feed (seven diet levels with 0-100% biomass inclusion) and tested in BSF-larvae-rearing trials to produce insect meals. The optimal results with respect to larvae growth, protein accumulation (highest value = 30.61%), lipid-fiber content, and antioxidant capacity were determined for insect meals obtained from BSF larvae reared with a ration composed of 40% tomato plant biomass. In addition, the toxicity of this insect meal was substantially low, as a consequence of the observed groundbreaking reduction in the contained toxic steroidal alkaloids α-tomatine and its aglycone tomatidine. The results herein reveal the efficacy of the BSF-larvae-rearing process in acting as a biological filter for the bioconversion of the toxic tomato cultivation waste into a functional, safe, and protein-rich livestock feed, supporting the principles of a circular economy.

PMID:41976142 | PMC:PMC13075105 | DOI:10.3390/molecules31071098

Molecules. 2026 Mar 29;31(7):1128. doi: 10.3390/molecules31071128.

ABSTRACT

This study examines a low-processed, food-grade extraction concept for peppermint leaves (Mentha × piperita L.) using solvents consistent with the principles of green chemistry and an infusion-like protocol. Primary extraction (2-30 min; 50-100 °C) was carried out using water, plasma-treated nanowater, a glycerol-water mixture (65%), an ethanol-water mixture (50%; at room temperature and at 50 °C), and rapeseed oil. To evaluate the potential use of biomass within a circular economy model, the residue remaining after the first extraction was subjected to secondary extraction under identical time-temperature conditions. Primary and secondary extracts were characterized in terms of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), essential oil (EO) recovery, and antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP), and extraction yields were expressed relative to a 70% methanolic reference (TPC/TFC) and to the initial EO content in the plant material. Under the most favorable conditions (10 min; 100 °C; ethanol-water at 50 °C), the highest extraction yields of polar phytochemicals (TPC and TFC) were obtained with water and nanowater, whereas the ethanol-water mixture (50%) and rapeseed oil provided the greatest recovery of essential oil (up to complete depletion after the second extraction). Antioxidant activity showed a similar dependence on solvent type, with water and nanowater extracts exhibiting the highest DPPH/FRAP values. Importantly, secondary extraction contributed a substantial share of the total recovered bioactive compounds (often >30% of combined TPC/TFC), confirming that post-extraction residues remain a valuable raw material. The results support a practical, sequential strategy for designing peppermint extracts: aqueous and glycerol systems for phenolic-rich extracts, and ethanol and oil systems for essential-oil-enriched preparations, with secondary extraction enabling simple, low-energy biomass valorization.

PMID:41976171 | PMC:PMC13074686 | DOI:10.3390/molecules31071128

Foods. 2026 Apr 1;15(7):1183. doi: 10.3390/foods15071183.

ABSTRACT

The minimisation of substances of concern in packaging is a key objective of the European Union's Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation (PPWR), complementing existing legislation governing the safety of food contact materials. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) present particular challenges due to their persistence, chemical diversity, and documented use in certain food contact materials. Article 5 of the PPWR requires packaging to be designed and manufactured to minimise such substances throughout the life cycle. This study develops a structured, material-based PFAS risk matrix to support compliance screening for food packaging under Article 5. The approach combines scientific evidence on PFAS occurrence, functional applications, and analytical detection with material classification systems used in recyclability assessments. Packaging materials are categorised by their likelihood of PFAS relevance, enabling proportionate prioritisation of efforts. Application of the matrix shows that fibre-based materials with grease- or water-resistant treatments exhibit higher relevance than glass, untreated paper, or polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The framework also clarifies the role of total fluorine (TF) and extractable organic fluorine (EOF) as supportive, material-specific indicators rather than standalone compliance metrics. By integrating PFAS considerations into design, sourcing, and portfolio management, the framework promotes proactive chemical risk governance aligned with circular economy objectives.

PMID:41976477 | PMC:PMC13074049 | DOI:10.3390/foods15071183

Animals (Basel). 2026 Mar 25;16(7):1009. doi: 10.3390/ani16071009.

ABSTRACT

The use of olive by-products in livestock farming is a valuable resource, given their high levels of bioactive compounds with antioxidant and health-promoting properties. This preliminary study adopted an integrated approach to evaluate the influence of dietary Olea europaea L. polyphenols on animal welfare, physiological stress response, intestinal morphofunctional traits, and meat quality in Neroametà finishing pigs, a novel Casertana × Large White genetic line (Neroametà). Thirty pigs reared under extensive farming conditions were randomly allocated to two groups (n = 15): a control group fed a standard diet (C) and a treatment group (OL) supplemented with 300 mg/head/day of olive polyphenolic extract for 90 days. The study focused on the systemic correlation between host health and product quality. Meat composition, rheological properties, meat antioxidant activity, stress parameters, and fatty acid profiles of the longissimus lumborum and psoas major muscles were analyzed. Results showed that the OL diet significantly modulated the HPA axis, as evidenced by a marked reduction in plasma ACTH and cortisol levels, alongside improved antioxidant status. These physiological changes were positively associated with a trophic effect on the intestinal mucosa, characterized by increased villus height and a more favorable villus/crypt ratio. Regarding meat quality, the OL group exhibited superior oxidative stability, optimized pH decline, and an improved intramuscular fatty acid profile (increased MUFA and n-3 PUFA, reduced SFA). Despite the pilot scale of 30 animals, these findings provide a solid foundation for characterizing the Neroametà breed. In conclusion, Olea europaea L. polyphenols act as a multi-level modulator, enhancing physiological resilience and meat quality, offering a sustainable strategy for high-quality pork production in line with circular economy and One Health principles.

PMID:41975988 | PMC:PMC13072085 | DOI:10.3390/ani16071009

J Ind Ecol. 2025;29(2):531-545. doi: 10.1111/jiec.13619. Epub 2025 Jan 31.

ABSTRACT

The widely heralded decarbonization of economies is a significant intervention in countries' societal metabolism, which eliminates the use of fossil fuels but also requires renewing societal stocks such as buildings, vehicles, and power plants, which in turn requires materials and energy. The circular economy (CE) shifts a country's metabolism toward less material demand, waste, and emissions, moving away from a linear resource flow pattern to one that narrows and slows flows and closes loops, in order to support climate protection. This article uses the example of Austria to examine how decarbonization and CE interact in the buildings, transport, and electricity sectors. We use scenarios to analyze the contribution of decarbonization and CE strategies to achieve targets set by Austrian policy: (1) carbon neutrality by 2040, (2) ambitious reductions in material consumption, and (3) limiting annual land take. A scenario focusing on "decarbonization" alone reduces processed materials by 7% compared to the reference scenario, but is associated with high risks: it requires large supplies of green electricity, technology-critical elements, and smooth permitting procedures. A "weak CE" scenario shows little mitigating effects on these risks. CE and land take targets are missed in the two scenarios. Avoiding further expansion of buildings and roads on unbuilt land as part of a "strong CE" scenario is identified as key to narrow the processed materials of respective sectors from 102 to 26 Mt/a consistent with all three policy targets. It reduces inter alia demand for green electricity facilitating decarbonization and additionally generating co-benefits for health.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version of this article (doi:10.1111/jiec.13619) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

PMID:41978876 | PMC:PMC13070055 | DOI:10.1111/jiec.13619

Materials (Basel). 2026 Apr 5;19(7):1465. doi: 10.3390/ma19071465.

ABSTRACT

Waste from the wind power and textile industries poses major environmental challenges. While the textile industry is a significant global contributor to waste, producing around 92 million tons of waste annually, and greenhouse gas emissions, wind power, although one of the cleanest energy sources during operation, still generates waste and associated CO₂ emissions, particularly associated with the end-of-life decommissioning of turbine blades. This waste can be reused, combined with bio-based binders, to reduce the construction sector's long-term environmental impact. The present work identifies research trends and gaps in the use of these waste materials, either individually or combined, for the development of thermal and acoustic insulation solutions for the construction sector, by means of a combined bibliometric and content analysis of Scopus and Web of Science documents from 2014 to 2025. The study focuses on bibliometric indicators and reports on physical properties (thermal conductivity, density, mechanical strength, and acoustic performance) of the resulting composites, including those produced with bio-binders. Additionally, a qualitative review of life cycle assessment studies indicates that bio-based and waste-derived insulation materials can significantly reduce environmental impacts compared with conventional mineral or petrochemical insulators. Results reveal growing scientific interest in this subject, highlighting an annual publication growth of 5.09%. They emphasize the performance of natural textile fibers in thermal and acoustic insulation, the mechanical capacity of synthetic fibers, and the semi-structural potential of fiberglass composites. Meanwhile, bio-binders improve the upcycling of textile waste; however, they reveal a significant research gap in the integration of wind turbine blade waste into insulation composites. No indexed studies were found that simultaneously combine textile waste, blade-derived fibers, and bio-based binders in a single insulation system, despite projected cumulative blade waste of 43 million tons by 2050. These findings advocate hybrid innovations and standardized assessments to drive circular economy and low-carbon building solutions.

PMID:41976750 | PMC:PMC13074510 | DOI:10.3390/ma19071465