Microplastics

Waste Manag. 2026 May 31;221:115632. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115632. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The formation of microplastics (MPs) and the release of H₂S in landfill environments show a synchronous pattern, yet lack clear scientific explanation. In this study, simulated landfill systems were constructed under varying moisture and temperature conditions to explore the direct coupling mechanism between these two processes from the perspectives of key functional genes and enzymatic activities. The results revealed that the release of MPs exhibited distinct stage-specific characteristics and was highly coupled with the sulfate reduction process, which became particularly pronounced under high-moisture conditions. The sulfate reduction process not only drove the early rapid release of MPs but also determined the subsequent variations in release intensity. The dominant genus Thiobacillus contributed most to the key genes involved in sulfur metabolism, yet its dominance gradually declined with increasing temperature. SRB not only promote the aging of MPs through metabolic products, but specific groups (such as Desulfovibrio) may also directly participate in degradation, with plastic degradation genes being genus-specific and environmentally regulated. Fourteen SRB genera were found to harbor multiple plastic-degrading genes, the abundances of which were influenced by moisture and temperature. A degradation enzyme system centered on CAZymes and PDZymes gradually formed within the landfill environment, suggesting that SRB may regulate plastic degradation and release of MPs by modulating related enzyme activities. In conclusion, this study further unveils the coupling mechanism between MPs release and sulfate reduction in landfill systems at the genetic and enzymatic activity levels, clarifying the multiple ecological functions of SRB in the MPs release process, and providing new theoretical insights for landfill management and pollution control.

PMID:42218891 | DOI:10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115632

Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2026 May 30:110595. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110595. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Since the 1960s, global plastic production has increased dramatically, resulting in widespread accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in terrestrial, aquatic, and atmospheric systems. Microplastics (MPs), originating from primary sources such as industrial raw materials and microbeads, as well as secondary sources from fragmentation of larger plastics, have emerged as contaminants of particular concern due to their persistence, high abundance, and capacity to interact with diverse organisms. This review provides a comprehensive overview of microplastic behavior, focusing on fish as key bioindicators. We summarize the environmental distribution of microplastics, their uptake pathways, bioaccumulation and potential trophic transfer, organ-level and cellular translocation, and clearance mechanisms in fish, integrating both laboratory and field observations. Advanced analytical and imaging techniques-including fluorescence labeling, molecular and metal probes, isotopic tracing, hyperspectral imaging, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy-are evaluated for their advantages, limitations, and reliability in detecting MPs. Furthermore, we synthesize evidence on the multifaceted effects of MPs on fish growth, development, behavior, antioxidant capacity, immune function, and gut microbiota. This review uniquely highlights the full pathway of MPs from environmental exposure to organismal impact, providing critical insights into their ecological risks, methodological considerations, and implications for environmental monitoring and pollution mitigation.

PMID:42219137 | DOI:10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110595

Environ Monit Assess. 2026 Jun 1;198(6):670. doi: 10.1007/s10661-026-15523-7.

ABSTRACT

Global contamination of aquatic ecosystems by synthetic microparticles has raised increasing concern, yet studies on their ingestion by freshwater invertebrates remain limited. Benthic macroinvertebrates, highly exposed to this kind of contamination, play a key role in aquatic food webs and nutrient cycling. This study investigated the ingestion of synthetic microparticles by benthic macroinvertebrates in the middle Tietê River basin, widely recognized as one of the most polluted rivers in Brazil. Samples were collected from the main river, a marginal lagoon, and a tributary under less human pressure. Contamination was expressive. A total of 129 synthetic microparticles were identified, from 0.02 to 1.78 particles per individual (mean of 0.5), between 7.14 and 900 particles per g of wet tissue. Size the mean values were 1.02 mm (main river), 0.81 mm (lagoon), and 0.64 mm (tributary). The presence of microplastics (polyester and polypropylene) was confirmed; however, cellulose-based fibers accounted for 90.7% of all identified synthetic microparticles. Ingestion rates did not differ significantly among environments, despite noticeable water-quality and hydrodynamics differences, suggesting that factors beyond local pollution levels may influence ingestion patterns. The filter-feeding bivalve Corbicula fluminea showed the highest ingestion values. Results provide the first evidence of synthetic microparticles ingestion by benthic macroinvertebrates in the Tietê River basin and establish an important baseline for future biomonitoring and risk assessment in Neotropical freshwater ecosystems.

PMID:42219398 | DOI:10.1007/s10661-026-15523-7

Mol Biol Rep. 2026 May 30;53(1):861. doi: 10.1007/s11033-026-12065-6.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Polystyrene microplastic (polystyrene) has emerged as a prevalent environmental contaminant that exerts significant hepatic injury. The current work explored the mitigating capability of galangin against polystyrene-evoked hepatotoxicity and unveiled the potential associating molecular pathways.

METHODS AND RESULTS: Male Wistar rats (n = 40 in total) were subjected to polystyrene with or without concomitant administration of galangin. Hepatic function, tissue architecture, and key molecular signaling pathways were evaluated using ELISA, histopathological examinations, and Western blotting techniques. Galangin co-administration was associated with mitigation of hepatic dysfunction and tissue damage, as evidenced by a significant decrease of serum bilirubin and amelioration of the histopathological alterations. Additionally, hepatic inflammation was reduced, as indicated by modulation of the inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, hepatocellular apoptosis and oxidative stress were suppressed. At the molecular level, galangin co-administration was accompanied by suppression of NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammatory signaling, upregulation of the Nrf2/NQO1 antioxidant axis, and inhibition of p53 apoptotic signaling. In addition, mitochondrial biogenesis was enhanced, as indicated by upregulation of SIRT1/Tfam axis.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide the first evidence introducing galangin as a potential intervention against the polystyrene-evoked hepatotoxicity and unveiling the associating molecular changes. These changes involve the concurrent suppression of inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, alongside the improvement of mitochondrial biogenesis.

PMID:42217124 | DOI:10.1007/s11033-026-12065-6

Water Res. 2026 May 24;303:126182. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2026.126182. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microbial communities colonizing plastic surfaces are shaped by environmental factors, yet the role of sulfur in plastisphere assembly and plastic fate remains poorly understood. Here, we collected plastic debris from sulfur-rich, mining-impacted river sediments to characterize plastisphere microbiomes and evaluate their potential roles in plastic transformation. Paenibacillus spp. were identified as core plastisphere members, and their distribution was strongly associated with total sulfur concentrations. Metagenomic binning suggested that Paenibacillus harbored genomic potential associated with plastic transformation/mineralization and sulfate assimilation. An isolate of Paenibacillus provided further laboratory-based evidence that sulfate amendment may support plastic mineralization, although the precise in situ mechanism remains to be clarified. Because both the metagenome-assembled genome and the isolate genome encoded an almost complete assimilatory sulfate reduction pathway but lacked a complete dissimilatory sulfate reduction pathway, the observed sulfate depletion is more conservatively interpreted as sulfate uptake coupled with assimilatory sulfate reduction and subsequent sulfur assimilation into biomass rather than canonical sulfate respiration. Together, these findings suggest that sulfate availability and assimilatory sulfur metabolism may represent underappreciated controls on plastic turnover in sulfur-rich environments by supporting plastic-associated carbon transformation. This study links plastic-carbon fate to local sulfur cycling and provides new insight into microplastic persistence in sulfur-rich aquatic ecosystems.

PMID:42217383 | DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2026.126182

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2026 May 30;319:120298. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.120298. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to assess the reproductive toxicity of co-exposure to environmental concentrations of lead (Pb) and polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs) in zebrafish, providing a theoretical basis for evaluating the ecotoxicity and reproductive health risk of combined Pb and PE-MPs exposure at environmental concentrations. Wild-type AB strain zebrafish were divided into four groups: blank control (Ctrl), Pb exposure (Pb), PE-MPs exposure (PE-MPs), and Pb+PE-MPs co-exposure (Pb+PE-MPs). Each group contained 30 adult fish (1:1 sex ratio) and was exposed for 30 days. Results indicated that co-exposure to Pb and PE-MPs at environmental concentrations induce hormonal imbalance, oxidative stress dysregulation, altered inflammation levels, and reproductive suppression in the gonadal tissues of zebrafish. This subsequently impaired the survival and development of F1 offspring, with pronounced sex-specific heterogeneity. Reproductive damage in both male and female zebrafish was associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress and DNA damage. Notably, male individuals exhibited lipid metabolism disorders and abnormal activation of mitochondrial autophagy and ferroptosis pathways, whereas females primarily showed disturbances in metabolic pathways involving amino acid synthesis and degradation. Collectively, co-exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of Pb and PE-MPs induced sex-dependent reproductive toxicity. These findings offer novel insights into the reproductive toxicity and ecotoxicological risk of combined Pb and PE-MPs exposure.

PMID:42217487 | DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.120298

J Hazard Mater. 2026 May 21;513:142486. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142486. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (MPs) derived from film mulching commonly exist in cadmium (Cd)-contaminated agricultural soil, but their impacts on Cd phytotoxicity are still controversial. Lipid remodeling is a key plant stress response, but whether conventional and biodegradable MPs differently regulate this process under Cd stress remain unclear. This study compared the effects of conventional polyethylene (PE) and biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) MPs at two concentrations (0.1% and 1%) on Cd phytotoxicity in maize via a 35-day pot experiment, mainly focusing on the lipid homeostasis. Both individual and combined exposures to MPs and Cd inhibited maize growth and photosynthesis and induced oxidative stress. PE significantly reduced Cd concentration (20.06-38.71%) and uptake content (27.22-39.77%) in shoots and roots. PLA exhibited dose-dependent effects, where 0.1% addition increased Cd accumulation in roots, while 1% addition decreased it in shoots. These effects might be attributed to altered homeostasis of essential minerals (Ca, Fe, and Cu). Interaction analysis revealed that PE acted antagonistically with Cd at 0.1% and synergistically at 1%, while PLA showed antagonism at both concentrations. Integrated lipidomic and transcriptomic analyses identified five key regulatory genes (LACS4, GPAT6, LPP2, PLA2-III, and LPCAT4) significantly associated with 36 glycerophospholipids and glycerolipids, revealing that PE and PLA influenced maize molecular response via distinct lipid metabolism pathways under Cd stress. These findings demonstrate that conventional and biodegradable MPs differentially regulate Cd phytotoxicity in Cd‑contaminated soils through lipid remodeling, providing new insights for the safety assessment of agricultural film mulching.

PMID:42217529 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142486

Environ Pollut. 2026 May 29:128465. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2026.128465. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Soil microplastic (MP) pollution is rising, posing increasing environmental risks. Although meta-analyses have quantified MP effects in soils, most have treated MPs as a single group and relied on high-concentration experiments, limiting ecological relevance and obscuring type-specific responses. This study synthesized data from 111 studies covering nine soil indicators and developed a type-based meta-analysis framework to evaluate MP effects under environmentally relevant concentrations (≤ 1% w/w, based on literature). Results show that when MPs are not separated from soil, they can bias soil indicator measurements through both dilution effects and analytical interference, where MPs may be counted as soil constituents. This is particularly important for soil organic carbon (SOC), where a 1% increase in MP input may lead to an overestimation of approximately 0.889 g kg^-1. Under environmentally relevant concentrations, pooled effect sizes differ substantially from those including high-concentration data (-62.25% to 93.56%) and may even reverse in direction. After correcting for dilution effects, overall variability in pooled estimates ranges from -48.91% to 46.30%, with -24.21% to 67.74% across MP types. Distinct MP types exhibit different effects on soil indicators, highlighting the importance of type-stratified analysis. MP characteristics such as shape and size further modulate these effects, while plant presence generally mitigates MP impacts. These findings highlight the necessity of jointly considering MP type and environmental relevance when evaluating their impacts. The framework provides a more robust approach for assessing the effects of MPs in soils and offers a transferable methodological reference for investigating MP impacts in other environmental systems.

PMID:42217762 | DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2026.128465

J Environ Sci (China). 2026 Jul;165:566-578. doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2025.12.017. Epub 2025 Dec 13.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (MPs) serve as hotspots for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), significantly influencing their abundance and spread. However, a systematic evaluation of the effects of MPs on spread of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) remains absent. This meta-analysis, based on 388 ARGs pairs observations and 107 MGEs pairs observations from 10 studies, assessed the effects of MPs exposure on the abundance of ARGs and MGEs. The results showed significant increases in the abundance of ARGs and MGEs by 96.93 % and 44.48 %, respectively, under MPs exposure compared to the control. A marked increase in ARGs abundance was observed with polyethylene (PE) and polylactic acid (PLA) MPs, whereas MGEs abundance increased significantly under PE MPs. Both ARGs and MGEs abundances were higher under exposure to nm-sized MPs. Additionally, the abundances of ARGs and MGEs significantly increased when MPs concentrations surpassed 1000 mg/L for ARGs and 500 mg/L for MGEs. Following MPs exposure, ARGs increased across different aquatic environments, while MGEs were notably elevated in leachate filtrate and sewage. Regardless of MPs removal during detection, both ARGs and MGEs abundances showed significant increases. Furthermore, these abundances showed a cumulative effect with prolonged treatment duration. Random forest analysis revealed MPs size and treatment duration as the primary factors influencing ARGs and MGEs abundance. These findings emphasized the role of MPs in promoting ARGs enrichment and dissemination, providing insights into the underlying mechanisms. This offers valuable guidance for controlling the spread of ARGs and mitigating its environmental risks.

PMID:42217906 | DOI:10.1016/j.jes.2025.12.017

J Environ Sci (China). 2026 Jul;165:724-732. doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2025.09.036. Epub 2025 Sep 22.

ABSTRACT

The expanding manufacturing and utilization of ionic liquids (ILs) and microplastics (MPs) have prompted worldwide environmental health concerns due to their pervasive environmental dispersion. While the toxicological impacts of ILs and MPs on diverse aquatic organisms have been well characterized, their environmental behaviors exhibit considerable complexity owing to the inherent heterogeneity of natural aquatic systems. This study established a simulated freshwater ecosystem containing aqueous phase, benthic sediment, floating plant, submerged plant, shrimp, snail and fish to investigate the environmental behavior and effects of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([C₈mim]Br) and polymethacrylates (PMMA). Specifically, multicomponent analysis was conducted on their partitioning dynamics, ecotoxicological consequences and trophic transfer mechanisms under chronic exposure. The experimental findings revealed a biphasic adsorption process of [C₈mim]Br, where initial adsorption onto PMMA substrates, ultimately penetrating into PMMA's internal regions. Co-exposure resulted in reduced oxidative stress responses in aquatic biota, whereas benthic organisms demonstrated enlarged oxidative damage due to ingestion of larger particulate aggregates. [C₈mim]Br exhibited trophic level-dependent bioaccumulation patterns across five representative species within the community, though co-exposure with PMMA resulted in attenuated trophic magnification through the food web. Building upon physiological experimental evidence, the integrated biomarker responses (IBR) index was employed to assess the relative toxicities, revealing a comprehensive toxicity hierarchy: PMMA < [C₈mim]Br + PMMA < [C₈mim]Br across biological endpoints.

PMID:42217923 | DOI:10.1016/j.jes.2025.09.036

Environ Sci Technol. 2026 May 30. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.6c00693. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Reproducible, convenient, and high-yield methods for the preparation of microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) are crucial for advancing the detection, degradation, and environmental and toxicological studies of these emerging contaminants. While commercial MNPs are commonly used, they suffer from limitations such as restricted polymer diversity, uniform spherical morphology, inadequate representation of environmental aging and weathering characteristics, and high costs. Conversely, environmentally collected MNPs, which hold significant relevance, often exhibit poor reproducibility, require extensive characterization, and are produced in low quantities. As a result, laboratory-based preparation of MNPs has gained traction. This review article examines various methods for MNP preparation, categorizing them into top-down and bottom-up approaches. Top-down methods involve the physical fragmentation of bulk plastics through mechanical processes such as grinding, cutting, milling, abrasion, or cryogenic treatment, resulting in particles that better mimic the irregular morphologies found in environmental plastics. In contrast, bottom-up methods encompass polymerization, precipitation, and self-assembly processes to produce MNPs with well-defined sizes, shapes, and surface chemistries. We discuss the advantages, limitations, and applicability of each method in detail, with a particular emphasis on the surface properties of the resulting MNPs. This comprehensive review offers critical guidance for selecting appropriate preparation methods tailored to specific experimental designs and conditions.

PMID:42216884 | DOI:10.1021/acs.est.6c00693

Mar Pollut Bull. 2026 May 29;231:119931. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119931. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Elevated microplastic loads in mangrove "blue carbon" ecosystems raise concerns for coastal ecological integrity and seafood safety, yet the drivers of shoreline accumulation remain poorly explained. We examined how land-based pond aquaculture shapes microplastic distributions along the Leizhou Peninsula (southern China), the region's largest mangrove coastline. Eighty-one surface sediment samples were collected from eight stations spanning mangrove forests and adjacent unvegetated mudflats. Microplastics were characterized using a laser direct infrared (LDIR) imaging spectrometer to determine polymer types and particle sizes (20-500 μm). Microplastic concentrations were higher in shoreline sectors with greater aquaculture intensity (P < 0.001). The aquaculture-related fraction increased with the area of ponds farther inland (r = 0.74-0.84; P < 0.05-0.01), rising by 0.0049% per unit pond-area increase, whereas ponds closest to the mangroves showed no clear association, pointing to a nonlocal input redistributed by alongshore transport before deposition and burial. Aquaculture-related microplastics were comparable between mangroves and mudflats, while non-aquaculture microplastics were more enriched on mudflats. Size distributions were dominated by fine particles, with slightly smaller microplastics in mangroves. Polymer profiles differed overall between habitats despite similar dominant polymers, indicating that separation was driven mainly by less abundant types. The Pollution Load Index (PLI) indicated a low level of contamination, whereas the Polymer Hazard Index (PHI) suggested a relatively high level of polymer-associated risk. These findings indicate that mitigation should account for coastline-scale aquaculture footprints and, critically, the alongshore transport that redistributes microplastics and creates accumulation hotspots, while addressing both aquaculture effluents and broader coastal inputs.

PMID:42214980 | DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119931

J Hazard Mater. 2026 May 28;513:142549. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142549. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

This study systematically investigated the underexplored effects of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) microplastics on latosol microbial metabolic fnctions by integrating a Biolog Eco microplate with two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) analysis. Our results revealed that the main phyla Chloroflexi and Actinobacteria presented a non-monotonic pattern with the PBAT dosage and functioned as keystone taxa in shaping the metabolic functions and pathways of the latosol microbial community. PBAT microplastics elevated the activity of soil C-cycling enzymes while suppressing most N-cycling enzymes activities (except for urease). In the early degradation stage, microbial carbon substrate utilization (AWCD) exhibited a positive dose-response to PBAT concentration, accompanied by an increase in the consumption of nitrogen-containing carbon sources. 2D-COS analysis indicated a preferential microbial utilization of labile carbon sources under PBAT treatment, in contrast to the dominant consumption of recalcitrant carbon sources in control treatment. However, in the later degradation stage, the AWCD values in the PBAT treatments decreased and were even lower than those in the control treatment. Compared to those in the PBAT treatment, the microorganisms in the control treatment used significantly more carbon sources containing N. The key factors affecting microbial metabolic activity and diversity included latosol properties (such as C/N, MBC, and MBN) and enzyme activities (such as ROL, PO, AMO, and UR). Our findings provided mechanistic insights for more accurately predicting alterations in soil carbon cycling and storage under the increasingly prevalent use of biodegradable films in the future.

PMID:42214868 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142549

Eco Environ Health. 2026 Apr 28;5(2):100245. doi: 10.1016/j.eehl.2026.100245. eCollection 2026 Jun.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics are widely regarded as vectors for microbial pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes, yet this inference is largely derived from laboratory studies and bulk environmental omics approaches that pool many particles and obscure colonization heterogeneity. Such aggregated analyses demonstrate microbial presence but do not quantify how frequently or unevenly colonization occurs across individual particles, leading to systematic overestimation of universal vector risk. Here, we propose a particle-resolved ecological framework that shifts inference from aggregate detection to population-level quantification of colonization prevalence. By integrating high-throughput imaging with single-particle molecular analyses, this framework enables resolution of right-skewed colonization distributions, in which a minority of "supercarrier" particles are expected to disproportionately contribute to microbial biomass and functional gene loads. To operationalize this shift, we introduce the Colonization Prevalence Index (CPI), a quantitative metric that measures the proportion of environmental microplastics that exceed empirically defined colonization thresholds. CPI anchors plastisphere research in statistical prevalence rather than cumulative signal strength, allowing colonization to be interpreted as an ecological probability rather than an assumed universal trait. Together, the particle-resolved framework and CPI provide a practical, scalable pathway for linking particle properties, microbial colonization patterns, and vector potential, enabling probabilistic risk assessment and more targeted mitigation strategies. By emphasizing ecological resolution over bulk averages, this approach reframes microplastic-associated microbial risk as a measurable population property that can be empirically tested across environments.

PMID:42211782 | PMC:PMC13213754 | DOI:10.1016/j.eehl.2026.100245

BMC Biol. 2026 May 29. doi: 10.1186/s12915-026-02633-4. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Microplastics (MPs) are emerging soil contaminants increasingly recognized for their capacity to alter agroecosystem functioning; however, their impacts on horticultural crops and rhizosphere microbial processes remain insufficiently understood.

RESULTS: We examined the impacts of MPs, polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), on rhizosphere soil physicochemical properties, bacterial community structure, and functional genes associated with carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycling in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), a major horticultural crop cultivated worldwide. Both PVC-MPs and PE-MPs significantly reduced soil ammonium nitrogen and available phosphorus contents, modifying rhizosphere elemental composition. In contrast, PP-MPs had no significant effects on these nutrients but significantly increased soil pH by 0.76% compared with the control (p < 0.05). PE-MPs exposure markedly reduced bacterial α-diversity and selectively enriching bacterial taxa involved in recalcitrant organic matter degradation and nitrogen cycling. High-throughput quantitative PCR (qPCR) revealed that MPs suppressed the degradation of labile carbon substrates, including starch, cellulose, and hemicellulose (as evidenced by downregulation of apu, manB, and xylA), as well as methane metabolism, while promoting carbon fixation and phosphorus cycling.

CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate selective reprogramming of bacterial carbon metabolism, enhancing recalcitrant carbon turnover while constraining labile carbon mineralization, thereby disrupting C-P metabolic coupling and promoting soil organic carbon accumulation. Additionally, MPs stimulated nitrogen fixation and nitrification while inhibiting denitrification, particularly under PE- and PVC-MPs treatments. These findings provide bacterial ecological insights into MPs-induced reshape rhizosphere processes and nutrient cycling dynamics in horticultural systems.

PMID:42210268 | DOI:10.1186/s12915-026-02633-4

Int J Dent. 2026 May 26;2026:6702035. doi: 10.1155/ijod/6702035. eCollection 2026.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Despite the dramatic increase in the use of orthodontic clear aligners in recent years, little is known about the presence of microplastics (MP) and their impact on human health. Through a scoping review study, we hope to map out the worldwide research on this intriguing topic of MP in orthodontic clear aligners.

METHODS: The eligibility of both published and unpublished articles was determined using a three-stage search strategy suggested by the Joanna Briggs Institute. The databases PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science were thoroughly searched. Only publications in English language were taken into consideration for the study, which included research done worldwide during the previous 10 years to February 2025. At any stage of the selection process, disagreements between the two reviewers over whether to include an article were settled by debate and consultation with a third reviewer. The gathered data was shown using a narrative summary and a PRISMA ScR checklist. This gave an overview of the most recent data about MP in clear aligners.

RESULTS: Literature search resulted in 638 articles out of which 250 duplicates were removed. Three hundred and eighty-eight articles were screened for titles and abstracts out of which full text screening of 10 studies were done, and six articles proved the presence and the role of MP in Clear Aligners. Gray literature was also included in the scoping review.

CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that although there is already evidence that transparent aligners release MP when in use, it is still unknown how much of a health danger they present. To solve these issues, more extensive in vivo research and the production of sustainable, safer materials and other policies are required.

PMID:42211987 | PMC:PMC13212040 | DOI:10.1155/ijod/6702035

Anal Bioanal Chem. 2026 May 29. doi: 10.1007/s00216-026-06567-2. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (1 µm-5 mm) and nanoplastics (<1 µm) are emerging contaminants with potential health implications, requiring reliable detection for risk assessment. Raman microspectroscopy offers combined morphological and chemical information for identifying micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs). This study assesses the feasibility of automated Raman microspectroscopy for detecting and quantifying MNPs down to 500 nm, focusing on suitable filter materials and device precision. Among six tested filters, silicon filters with 1 µm pores (for particles ≥1 µm) and aluminum-coated polycarbonate filters with 0.4 µm pores (Al-PC, for particles ≥500 nm) performed best. They provided strong particle contrast, low background interference, and high Hit Quality Index (HQI) for submicron particles (polystyrene 500 nm beads, median HQI ≈ 91%), outperforming other filters affected by roughness and spectral interference. Automation using open-source software TUM-ParticleTyper 2 with Random Window Sampling enabled unbiased detection and quantification of MNPs down to 500 nm. Several limitations were noted: illumination settings influenced detected particle number and size recognition, with particles oversized by 0.5 µm ± 0.26 µm; stage precision (~100 nm) affected spectral quality and particle number (<100 particles per window) was critical for achieving >90% correct material identification. Validation with 500 nm polystyrene beads yielded 67 ± 10% recovery relative to theoretical values. Analysis of potable water samples showed predominantly non-plastic particles, with only 0.36 ± 0.13% in the 0.5-10 µm range identified as plastics, 18% of them <1 µm. Further method development, particularly for sample preparation, will be required for broader application to water and food samples. For interest only in particles ≥1 µm, filters with pore size closer 1 µm (e.g., silicon) are recommended. Overall, automated Raman microspectroscopy can quantitatively analyze MNPs down to 500 nm, supporting improved plastic exposure risk assessment.

PMID:42213121 | DOI:10.1007/s00216-026-06567-2

Dig Dis. 2026 May 29:1-10. doi: 10.1159/000552644. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC; age <50 years) is rising in Australia despite improving outcomes in older adults. EOCRC shows a strong birth-cohort effect, disproportionate growth in left-sided and rectal tumours, and more frequent stage III-IV presentation. Most cases occur without a family history, indicating that environmental and biological pressures are accelerating carcinogenesis in otherwise average-risk hosts.

OBJECTIVE: To summarise current evidence on EOCRC aetiology, emphasising microbial, dietary and chemical exposures, and to outline clinical, policy and research priorities for Australia.

DISCUSSION: Traditional risks such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, sedentary behaviour, alcohol and smoking likely contribute via insulin resistance, chronic inflammation and IGF-1-mediated signalling, but they do not fully explain the recent acceleration or distal predominance. Hereditary syndromes account for a minority of EOCRC, and tumour driver mutation patterns broadly resemble later-onset colorectal cancer, supporting earlier triggering rather than novel genetics. Convergent evidence implicates gut dysbiosis and exposures that disrupt mucosal defences or cause direct DNA damage. Colibactin-producing Escherichia coli can induce a distinctive mutational signature that appears enriched in early and distal tumours. Microplastics and plasticisers may impair barrier function and promote low-grade inflammation, while PFAS and related endocrine-disrupting chemicals are linked to metabolic and immune perturbation and altered bile acid biology. Cumulative antibiotic exposure, particularly early in life, may reduce microbial diversity and favour pathobionts such as Fusobacterium nucleatum.

PMID:42213629 | DOI:10.1159/000552644

Environ Res. 2026 May 28:124868. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2026.124868. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics, known for being persistent and widespread, are environmental small particles that have the potential to be considered as pollutants with different aspects of stress in the environment. This review is a meta-analysis based on 50 articles (2016-2023) with 403 estimations examining the relationship between exposure to micro- and nanoplastic particles (MP/NP) and oxidative stress in Danio rerio (zebrafish) in both larval and adult life stages. Results indicate that exposure to MP/NPs may induce changes in markers of oxidative stress. Notably, a general decline in Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) activity as well as an elevation in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) was identified. While GPx activity was diminished in adults and larvae, CAT activity was decreased only in adults and was unaltered in larvae. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity increased in adults but decreased in larvae. MDA content remained unchanged in adults but decreased significantly in larvae. ROS levels consistently demonstrated an increasing pattern in both life stages, and no significant alterations were detected in Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity and GSH levels. Tissue-specific analyses in adult D. rerio demonstrated diverse results, with reduced CAT in the brain and GPx in the gills, and increased GST in gills and liver, and enhanced ROS production in brain, gills, and liver. It seemed that different types of plastic (polystyrene and polypropylene) could induce different enzymatic profiles. Although these findings may provide indications of potential trends and serve as a reference for biomarker selection and risk assessment, the identified considerable heterogeneity and publication bias imply that the associated effect sizes should be interpreted with caution, highlighting the need for further, context-dependent studies.

PMID:42214590 | DOI:10.1016/j.envres.2026.124868

Environ Pollut. 2026 May 28:128457. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2026.128457. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (MPs) and arsenic(As)-contaminated irrigation water frequently coexist in agricultural soils, yet their relative contributions to As migration in the water-soil system and impacts on soil microbes remain poorly quantified-limiting accurate risk assessment of this emerging composite pollution. This study conducted a laboratory incubation experiment to investigate the effects of As-contaminated irrigation water and MPs (conventional PE vs biodegradable PLA, at 1% and 3% w/w) on pore water As concentration, soil As fractions, and soil microbial community structure. The results revealed that As-contaminated water irrigation only induced a marginal increase in pore water As concentration (T06:12.5 μg/L to T02:18.7 μg/L), whereas MPs type (T08:113.41 μg/L to T06:12.5 μg/L) was the dominant regulators of pore water As levels. Specifically, high-concentration (3%) MPs elevated pore water As by 2.8-4.5 folds compared to low-concentration (1%) MPs, with PLA inducing 1.9-2.3 folds higher As release than PE. For soil As fractions, As-contaminated water irrigation increased total soil As content, with a notable enrichment in exchangeable As; notably, PLA further promoted exchangeable As accumulation, which contrasts with previous studies focusing on PE-induced As immobilization. The irrigation water quality determines the total As input load, while MPs type primarily controls As speciation and mobility. For soil microbial communities, MPs impacts exhibited a clear concentration threshold: low-concentration (1%) MPs caused negligible shifts in community composition, whereas high-concentration (3%) MPs significantly reduced microbial alpha-diversity. These findings highlight that, given the continuous input of total As load from As-contaminated irrigation water, high-concentration PLA MPs play a significant role in regulating the speciation and mobility of soil As pollution. Therefore, they should be given particular attention in the risk management of agricultural soil As pollution, providing critical parameters for revising composite pollution risk assessment frameworks.

PMID:42214538 | DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2026.128457

Environ Pollut. 2026 May 28;403:128444. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2026.128444. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Accurate assessment of microplastic pollution is hampered by the lack of standardized sampling protocols, particularly regarding microplastics lost in sampling. This study investigates the filtering mechanisms of microplastics during surface towing sampling (i.e., mesh-filtered methods) and develops a framework to correct abundance data. Paired-gear experiments using neuston nets (mesh sizes of 50-500 μm) were conducted in Xiangshan Bay, China. Probabilities of relative retention and retention of microplastics on the meshes were analyzed using SELECT models, and master selection curves were derived for fibrous and non-fibrous microplastics. Results show that larger mesh sizes (150, 330, 500 μm) significantly underestimate microplastic abundance by 1.4 to 2.9 times compared to a 50-μm net, with fibers being the primary contributor to losses. The filtration mechanisms differ fundamentally between shapes. For non-fibrous microplastics, retention is governed by physical interactions between the mesh opening and the particle's shortest diameter. In contrast, the fibrous microplastics sample could slip through the mesh vertically, but the ability of fibers to slip through the mesh is not determined by a simple size-exclusion rule. Their high flexibility allows bending and passage even at lengths far exceeding the mesh size. When the fiber length exceeds a certain ratio relative to the mesh size, further increasing the fiber length no longer significantly affects fiber retention. Based on the master selection curve, a harmonized assessment framework was established to re-evaluate data from 27 previous studies. The resulting mesh-specific correction factors highlight the severe underestimation of fibers by commonly used nets (e.g., 330 μm). This study clarifies shape-dependent filtration mechanisms in mesh-filtered sampling and provides a practical tool to enhance the comparability of historical and future microplastic monitoring data, advocating for standardized use of sampling net with smaller mesh sizes for accurate fiber assessment.

PMID:42214542 | DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2026.128444

J Nanobiotechnology. 2026 May 29. doi: 10.1186/s12951-026-04599-5. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

As a consequence of global industrial growth, microplastics (plastic fragments < 5 mm) have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants, prompting serious questions about their impact on human health. Beyond the established risks of ingestion, the inhalation of these airborne particles is now a primary focus, especially regarding potential effects on the neurological system. Emerging evidence from laboratory and animal models shows that inhaled microplastics can penetrate the brain. Once there, they can trigger a cascade of harmful effects, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and deficits in learning and memory. Among the general population, children are uniquely vulnerable to microplastic exposure due to their developing physiological systems, which are particularly susceptible to the chemical and physical hazards posed by these particles. Nevertheless, current scientific understanding of the health consequences of microplastic exposure remains limited, with a substantial knowledge gap concerning the long-term effects of respiratory microplastic exposure on pediatric populations, particularly those with pre-existing neurological conditions such as epilepsy. This study investigates the relationship between chronic respiratory exposure to polystyrene microplastics and seizure severity, with the aim of establishing a potential exposure-metabolite-gene regulatory network. We hypothesize that prolonged respiratory mciroplatsic exposure induces systemic oxidative stress and inflammation, which subsequently disrupts lipid metabolism, alters gene expression profiles, triggers ferroptosis, and ultimately exacerbates seizure manifestations.This study highlights three key findings. First, chronic respiratory microplastic exposure induces systemic oxidative stress and inflammation, posing substantial health risks. Second, integrated metabolomics and Mendelian randomization analyses reveal that this exposure disrupts lipid metabolism, with metabolic perturbations strongly associated with ferroptosis activation and increased seizure severity. Third, multi-omics approaches coupled with in vivo validation confirm that microplastics disrupt lipid homeostasis, dysregulate ferroptosis-related gene expression, and exacerbate seizure manifestations. Notably, our data identify melatonin as a promising therapeutic candidate for mitigating these adverse effects. Collectively, these findings substantially advance the understanding of microplastic-induced neurotoxicity and reveal actionable molecular targets for potential therapeutic interventions.

PMID:42216007 | DOI:10.1186/s12951-026-04599-5

Dig Dis. 2026 May 29:1-10. doi: 10.1159/000552644. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC; age <50 years) is rising in Australia despite improving outcomes in older adults. EOCRC shows a strong birth-cohort effect, disproportionate growth in left-sided and rectal tumours, and more frequent stage III-IV presentation. Most cases occur without a family history, indicating that environmental and biological pressures are accelerating carcinogenesis in otherwise average-risk hosts.

OBJECTIVE: To summarise current evidence on EOCRC aetiology, emphasising microbial, dietary and chemical exposures, and to outline clinical, policy and research priorities for Australia.

DISCUSSION: Traditional risks such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, sedentary behaviour, alcohol and smoking likely contribute via insulin resistance, chronic inflammation and IGF-1-mediated signalling, but they do not fully explain the recent acceleration or distal predominance. Hereditary syndromes account for a minority of EOCRC, and tumour driver mutation patterns broadly resemble later-onset colorectal cancer, supporting earlier triggering rather than novel genetics. Convergent evidence implicates gut dysbiosis and exposures that disrupt mucosal defences or cause direct DNA damage. Colibactin-producing Escherichia coli can induce a distinctive mutational signature that appears enriched in early and distal tumours. Microplastics and plasticisers may impair barrier function and promote low-grade inflammation, while PFAS and related endocrine-disrupting chemicals are linked to metabolic and immune perturbation and altered bile acid biology. Cumulative antibiotic exposure, particularly early in life, may reduce microbial diversity and favour pathobionts such as Fusobacterium nucleatum.

PMID:42213629 | DOI:10.1159/000552644

Environ Monit Assess. 2026 May 29;198(6):669. doi: 10.1007/s10661-026-15507-7.

ABSTRACT

The Atoyac River is one of the most impacted freshwater systems in central Mexico due to sustained industrial, agricultural, and domestic discharges. Despite increasing concern regarding plastic contamination in rivers, information on polymer-related materials in this system remains limited. In this study, a qualitative and exploratory assessment of polymer-like spectral features in suspended matter was conducted along a 43-km section of the Atoyac River. Water samples were collected at six sites representing contrasting land use influences and analyzed directly by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy without chemical or enzymatic removal of organic matter. To improve interpretation of the complex spectra obtained from this highly polluted matrix, Gaussian deconvolution was applied to overlapping absorption regions. Recurrent infrared bands compatible with aliphatic, aromatic, ester, carbonate, and amide-containing structures were detected, showing spectral similarity to common synthetic polymers such as polyethylene-, polypropylene-, polyethylene terephthalate-, polystyrene-, polycarbonate-, and polyamide-like materials. A prominent absorption near 1121 cm⁻¹, consistent with sulfonated functional groups commonly associated with textile dyes and other industrial sulfonated compounds, was observed at sites influenced by textile activity. Given the absence of organic matter digestion, the results are interpreted as indicative of polymer-like spectral signatures rather than definitive microplastic identification. This work demonstrates the potential of ATR-FTIR combined with spectral deconvolution as a rapid screening approach for polymer-related contamination in complex freshwater environments and provides a qualitative baseline for future studies employing standardized microplastic extraction and quantification protocols.

PMID:42215836 | PMC:PMC13221329 | DOI:10.1007/s10661-026-15507-7

Dig Dis. 2026 May 29:1-10. doi: 10.1159/000552644. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC; age <50 years) is rising in Australia despite improving outcomes in older adults. EOCRC shows a strong birth-cohort effect, disproportionate growth in left-sided and rectal tumours, and more frequent stage III-IV presentation. Most cases occur without a family history, indicating that environmental and biological pressures are accelerating carcinogenesis in otherwise average-risk hosts.

OBJECTIVE: To summarise current evidence on EOCRC aetiology, emphasising microbial, dietary and chemical exposures, and to outline clinical, policy and research priorities for Australia.

DISCUSSION: Traditional risks such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, sedentary behaviour, alcohol and smoking likely contribute via insulin resistance, chronic inflammation and IGF-1-mediated signalling, but they do not fully explain the recent acceleration or distal predominance. Hereditary syndromes account for a minority of EOCRC, and tumour driver mutation patterns broadly resemble later-onset colorectal cancer, supporting earlier triggering rather than novel genetics. Convergent evidence implicates gut dysbiosis and exposures that disrupt mucosal defences or cause direct DNA damage. Colibactin-producing Escherichia coli can induce a distinctive mutational signature that appears enriched in early and distal tumours. Microplastics and plasticisers may impair barrier function and promote low-grade inflammation, while PFAS and related endocrine-disrupting chemicals are linked to metabolic and immune perturbation and altered bile acid biology. Cumulative antibiotic exposure, particularly early in life, may reduce microbial diversity and favour pathobionts such as Fusobacterium nucleatum.

PMID:42213629 | DOI:10.1159/000552644

Sci Rep. 2026 May 29. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-55682-8. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The present study investigates the microstructural evolution and damping behavior of AA2024 aluminum alloy subjected to friction stir processing (FSP), with emphasis on establishing a quantitative structure-property relationship across multiple length scales. Optical microscopy and ImageJ analysis showed a considerable reduction in average grain size, from 58 ± 11 µm in the base alloy to 5.4 ± 1.3 µm in the stir zone, indicating extensive refinement and homogeneity. Scanning electron microscopy revealed fragmentation and redistribution of coarse second-phase particles. The average particle size decreased from 2.8 ± 0.9 to 0.9 ± 0.3 µm post-processing. Transmission electron microscopy and selected-area diffraction investigations revealed nanoscale particle refinement (from ~ 62 ± 15 to ~ 22 ± 7 nm), increased defect density, and lattice distortion in the treatment region. Dynamic mechanical investigation revealed a consistent increase in damping capacity of the FSPed alloy across the entire frequency range. The improved damping response is due to a combination of increased grain-boundary density, refined particle-matrix interfaces, and defect-mediated microplastic accommodation caused by friction stir processing. Overall, the findings support FSP as an efficient surface modification technique for altering the microstructure and enhancing the functional damping performance of AA2024 aluminum alloy.

PMID:42215723 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-026-55682-8

Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2026 May 29;116(6):111. doi: 10.1007/s00128-026-04269-0.

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the short‑term effects of polyethylene microplastics (PE‑MPs) on the marine mussel Mytilus edulis using a suite of cellular and subcellular biomarkers. A total of 225 mussels were collected from Umluj, Saudi Arabia, a relatively unimpacted coastal area of the Red Sea, and experimentally exposed for 72 h to spherical PE‑MPs (50 μm diameter) at nominal concentrations of 5, 10, 20, and 60 particles L^-1. Genotoxicity, oxidative status, and cellular integrity were assessed by comet assay, thiobarbituric acid‑reactive substances (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and lysosomal membrane stability (LMS). At 60 particles L^-1, DNA strand breakage increased markedly in hemocytes (13.09%) and gill cells (12.21%) relative to controls (2.14%; p < 0.01). Lipid peroxidation was 1.28 nmol TBARS mg protein^-1, and activity of gill SOD was decreased by 16.13% of control. LMS was significantly reduced from 134.4 min in controls to 53.2 min in the highest exposure (p < 0.01), suggesting impaired cellular homeostasis. Given the short exposure duration, these results are preliminary. They indicate that acute PE-MP exposure at the tested concentrations is associated with measurable genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and reduced lysosomal stability. Longer-term ecological implications remain to be investigated.

PMID:42213153 | DOI:10.1007/s00128-026-04269-0

Food Res Int. 2026 Aug 31;238:119451. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2026.119451. Epub 2026 May 12.

ABSTRACT

To address the ecological challenges, including climate change, environmental pollution, and microplastic pollution caused by traditional petroleum-based films, plant polysaccharide-based films have become a sustainable alternative in the field of food preservation. Unfortunately, conventional plant polysaccharide-based films still have limitations, including low mechanical strength, poor water vapor barrier properties, and lack of active response capabilities. In recent years, plant polysaccharide-based intelligent-responsive films (PPIFs), as the new type of functional materials, can sensitively perceive external environmental stimuli (pH, temperature, humidity, etc.) and respond accordingly, thereby enhancing the preservation effect of food. For instance, the pH-responsive films based on anthocyanins exhibited a significant color change (ΔE > 5) within the pH range of 3 to 10, which could be utilized for the visual monitoring of volatile amines during food spoilage. This paper systematically reviews the substrate classification, structural properties, and film formation mechanisms of PPIFs, also focuses on summarizing their preparation techniques and response types, and outlines their application progress in different food systems (fruits, meats, and seafood). However, PPIFs still encounter key problems, such as insufficient stability of the active components, limited response sensitivity, and high costs for large-scale production. Future research can enhance the stability and functional responsiveness of materials through multi-component collaborative design, nanotechnology enhancement, and green processing techniques. The findings can provide theoretical references for the development of more efficient and environmentally friendly intelligent food packaging materials.

PMID:42215118 | DOI:10.1016/j.foodres.2026.119451

Front Toxicol. 2026 May 14;8:1851245. doi: 10.3389/ftox.2026.1851245. eCollection 2026.

ABSTRACT

Plastic pollution and its effects on freshwater ecosystem function are increasingly recognized, with recent research demonstrating that even remote environments are impacted. Despite growing evidence, the relative importance of local versus large-scale transport processes in delivering microplastics (MPs) to remote mountain lakes remains poorly understood. Surface water samples were collected by net trawling in 15 remote mountain lakes, eleven in the Patagonia region of Argentina and four in Northern California, United States, and analyzed by stereomicroscopy and Raman spectroscopy for MP concentration, shape, size, color, and polymer composition. MPs (≥ 80 µm) were detected at all sites, with concentrations ranging from 0.23 to 2.79 particles m^-3 (mean: 0.75 ± 0.62 particles m^-3). No significant difference in MP concentration was observed between regions (U = 12; p = 0.215), despite contrasting socioeconomic contexts. Fibers were predominant (70%), followed by fragments (24%) and films (6%), with most particles measuring less than 1 mm and over half under 0.5 mm. Ten polymer types were identified, with polyester (PES) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) most common, primarily as fibers. No significant relationships were found between MP concentration and watershed characteristics, proximity to urban areas, public access, or altitude. The consistent MP signature across these remote lakes, regardless of morphology, accessibility, or geographic region, suggests that diffuse, large-scale transport mechanisms such as atmospheric deposition and watershed connectivity are more influential than localized point sources in remote freshwater systems. However, certain lakes near urban infrastructure or camping areas exhibited higher MP concentrations, indicating that localized anthropogenic influences may still contribute in specific cases. These findings underscore the extensive impact of MP pollution and highlight the need for coordinated mitigation strategies at local, regional, and global scales.

PMID:42212045 | PMC:PMC13215649 | DOI:10.3389/ftox.2026.1851245

Food Res Int. 2026 Aug 31;238:119443. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2026.119443. Epub 2026 May 14.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics have emerged as a pervasive contaminant in global food and environmental systems. This review systematically synthesizes the complete pathway of microplastics from environmental compartments to the human food chain, with particular emphasis on their role as carriers of co-contaminants (microorganisms, persistent organic pollutants, and heavy metals). Key findings indicate that microplastics are widely detected across air, water, soil, and food matrices, yet the combined toxicity of microplastic co-pollution complexes remain poorly characterized under physiologically relevant conditions. Although human ingestion via food is well documented, direct evidence linking tissue accumulation to specific health outcomes is lacking, primarily due to methodological heterogeneity and a paucity of chronic exposure data. Addressing these gaps requires harmonized analytical protocols and long-term epidemiological studies. For food safety, we recommend routine monitoring of microplastic co-pollution complexes along supply chains, optimization of food processing (e.g., filtration, washing) to reduce co-contaminant loads, source-directed policies to reduce plastic use. Furthermore, this review identifies priority research directions, including the need for mechanistic toxicity studies, method harmonization, and removal strategies targeting both microplastics and their co-pollutants. Quantitative comparison of removal efficiencies across different food matrices and validation under real-world processing conditions are urgently needed to bridge the gap between laboratory findings and practical interventions. By bridging environmental and food safety research, this review provides a scientific basis for integrated strategies to mitigate microplastic pollution from source to plate.

PMID:42215111 | DOI:10.1016/j.foodres.2026.119443

Eco Environ Health. 2026 Apr 20;5(2):100242. doi: 10.1016/j.eehl.2026.100242. eCollection 2026 Jun.

ABSTRACT

Urban waters are widely contaminated with co-occurring microplastics and antibiotics. Human-land interactions (e.g., wastewater discharge, stormwater runoff, and land use) drive contaminant distribution and antimicrobial resistance. Nevertheless, there is a lack of systematic research evaluating the role of co-occurring contaminants in shaping the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). In this study, a metagenomic approach was used to characterize the diversity and distribution of ARGs based on contaminant co-occurring patterns. The random forests and partial least squares path model (PLS-PM) were used to identify and prioritize the factors impacting ARGs, leading to a thorough environmental health ecological risk evaluation. Industrial waters, especially pharmaceutical factories, were significant reservoirs and hotspots for the development of ARGs. Urban estuaries further gathered and amplified the effects of co-occurring contaminants, thereby enhancing the prevalence of ARGs. The potential spread of ARGs was dominated by contaminant co-occurring patterns in urban waters, whereas microbial communities dominated in sediments. Urban zoning comprehensively affected environmental health risks, indicating that environmental management strategies, such as controlling pollution sources and implementing remediation, should prioritize water bodies in agricultural areas and sediments in commercial/residential areas.

PMID:42211783 | PMC:PMC13213758 | DOI:10.1016/j.eehl.2026.100242

Mar Pollut Bull. 2026 May 29;231:119819. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119819. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microbial degradation represents a promising remediation strategy for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polycarbonate (PC) microplastics, which have been widely detected in the Haima cold seeps. However, the diversities and distribution of PVC- and PC-degrading bacteria in cold seep environments remain poorly understood. Therefore, this study combined 1-year in situ incubation and 189-day indoor enrichment experiments to characterize the diversity of plastic-degrading bacteria in the Haima cold seeps. The results showed that the enriched communities could grow using PVC or PC films as the sole carbon source, and the plastic surfaces exhibited clear signs of biodegradation. Dietzia, Pseudarthrobacter, and Saccharopolyspora dominated the bacterial communities of both PVC and PC groups during enrichment. A total of 39 potential PVC-degrading ASVs and 36 potential PC-degrading ASVs were identified based on changes in abundance. Among these ASVs, Dietzia and Bacillus appeared to play crucial roles in degrading both plastics. Additionally, the identified degraders were widely distributed in cold seep environments, with a higher abundance in seawater than in sediments. Correlation analysis suggested that PC plastic-degrading bacteria preferred the high-nutrient sediment environment over that favored by PVC degraders. This study revealed the diversity and distribution characteristics of plastic-degrading bacteria in cold seep environments.

PMID:42214985 | DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119819

BJU Int. 2026 May 29. doi: 10.1111/bju.70326. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To systematically assess the prevalence, distribution, and quantitative burden of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) in human tissues of the urinary tract and male reproductive organs, with particular attention to their potential oncological implications.

METHODS: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Scopus was performed to identify human observational studies reporting detection and/or quantification of MNPs in the urinary tract and male reproductive organs. Risk of bias was assessed in the included studies.

RESULTS: A total of 14 cross-sectional human studies were included. MNPs were detected across all investigated tissues, including the kidney, prostate, testis, penis, ureter, and, incidentally, the urinary bladder. All studies comparing malignant and adjacent non-malignant tissues (kidney, prostate, and penis) consistently reported significantly higher microplastic concentrations, particle counts or greater polymer diversity in tumour tissue. Considerable heterogeneity was observed across studies with respect to analytical techniques, digestion protocols, and reporting metrics.

CONCLUSIONS: Micro- and nanoplastics are widely present in tissues of the urinary tract and male reproductive system and show consistent enrichment in urological malignancies compared with adjacent non-malignant tissue, suggesting potential oncological relevance. Substantial methodological heterogeneity currently limits comparability across studies, underscoring the need for standardised analytical approaches to advance research in this field.

PMID:42210743 | DOI:10.1111/bju.70326

Mar Pollut Bull. 2026 May 29;231:119895. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119895. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Marine mammal populations are suspected to have declined over the past century, with the adverse effects of chemical pollutants considered to be one of the major causes. However, field surveys of marine mammal populations are challenging because of technical issues, resulting in limited in situ data and unresolved questions regarding the historical impacts of chemical exposure. Here, we aimed to elucidate the long-term population dynamics of finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis), a sedentary species inhabiting coastal areas. To reconstruct population trends, we analyzed environmental DNA (eDNA) preserved in sediment cores collected from the Beppu Bay, Seto Inland Sea, Japan. eDNA concentrations in the sediment layers were determined using quantitative PCR. Temporal trends showed a distinct increase from the 1940s to the 1950s, followed by rapid decline in the early 1960s and then a recovery around 2000. Further analysis identified a significant negative correlation between the concentrations of sedimentary eDNA (sedDNA) and chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and cadmium. Positive correlations were observed with temperature, prey abundance, and microplastics. Consistent with historical PCB production trends, the PCB concentrations in finless porpoise individuals collected from the Seto Inland Sea during the 1960-1970s were apparently higher than those during the 2000s. These findings suggest that the finless porpoise population in the region experienced a significant decline around 1960 owing to elevated chemical exposure. This study highlights the potential of sedDNA-based approaches to enhance our understanding of anthropogenic disturbances on marine animals over the long term.

PMID:42214981 | DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119895

Environ Sci Technol. 2026 May 29. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.6c03431. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The air relative humidity (RH) was reported to significantly influence the photoaging processes of microplastics (MPs), while few research studies have been conducted to obtain deep insights into the underlying mechanisms. In the present study, an in situ electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) apparatus equipped with a humidity control system was developed to investigate the dynamics of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) during MP aging processes. The experimental results indicate that the lower RH tends to promote EPFR accumulation on MPs and inhibit their decay, particularly for polyvinyl chloride microplastics (PVC-MPs). Through theoretical computations, the mechanism involving water molecules in the alteration of EPFRs is interpreted. In addition, low RH conditions favor the generation of superoxide radical anions on both polystyrene MPs (PS-MPs) and PVC-MPs. As the RH level rises, the cytotoxicity of aged PS-MPs and aged PVC-MPs underwent decline and enhancement, respectively, in which superoxide radical anions and hydroxyls played the dominant role. In essence, this study presents new results for the formation of EPFRs on MP surfaces, which would provide a foundation for future research into the intricate aging mechanisms of MPs, e.g., discerning how various environmental parameters shape the aging process of MPs and, consequently, their environmental behaviors.

PMID:42214034 | DOI:10.1021/acs.est.6c03431

Environ Sci Technol. 2026 May 28. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.6c01796. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Environmental microplastics research has expanded rapidly over the past two decades. Although the presence of microplastics in the ocean were first described more than 50 years ago, consistent scientific, public, and regulatory attention has emerged only in the last 15-20 years. Since then, publication output has grown almost exponentially, reaching a point where the volume of literature exceeds the community's capacity to effectively track, synthesize, and mobilize new information into actionable knowledge. In this Perspective, we describe what we term the publication deluge: a state in which continued accumulation of studies generates information overload and fog rather than clarity. We argue that this situation comes with a risk of blurring established understanding, reopening debate around facts with established consensus, and delaying progress toward prioritization and long-term solutions. Using a conceptual framework that distinguishes between problem stabilization, refinement, and solution-oriented understanding, we discuss structural drivers of this lock-in and outline concrete actions that authors, editors, publishers, institutions, and funders can take to push the field toward more synthetic, integrative, and actionable knowledge.

PMID:42205011 | DOI:10.1021/acs.est.6c01796

Front Microbiol. 2026 May 12;17:1830632. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2026.1830632. eCollection 2026.

ABSTRACT

Sludge-based composting offers a promising pathway for sustainable resource recovery and pollution mitigation; however, the biodegradation mechanisms of biodegradable microplastics (MPs) during this process and their interactions with organic matter transformation have not yet been investigated. This study investigated the biodegradation response of polylactic acid (PLA) and the coupled dynamics of microbial communities and organic matter transformation during a 33-day sludge composting process at 55 °C and 70 °C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that thermophilic composting (70 °C) induced severe structural degradation of PLA-MPs, characterized by extensive void formation, surface wrinkling, and fragmentation. Compared to the mesophilic control, thermophilic composting significantly enhanced the transformation and turnover of key organic components, including amino acids (AAs), reducing sugars (RSs), polysaccharides, and polyphenols (PPs). Bacterial communities were predominantly composed of thermophilic Firmicutes (74.6-98.2%), with significant contributions from Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Bacteroidetes, while fungal communities were dominated by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Although the addition of MPs reduced overall microbial richness and diversity, high-temperature conditions selectively enriched key organic matter-degrading taxa, suggesting a functional trade-off where thermal pressure favors specialized degradative capacity over generic community complexity. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that high-temperature composting combined enhanced microbial functional connectivity and metabolic redundancy for both MPs and organic component transformation, promoting the proliferation of polysaccharides and lignocellulose-decomposing bacteria and fungi. These findings provide mechanistic insights into biodegradable MP degradation during thermophilic composting and establish a theoretical foundation for designing efficient MP remediation strategies in sludge treatment systems. Future studies are warranted to evaluate these findings under field-scale composting conditions and explore the integration of microbial inoculants to optimize the removal efficiency of biodegradable MPs.

PMID:42205578 | PMC:PMC13201416 | DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2026.1830632

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2026 May 28. doi: 10.1007/s11356-026-37860-3. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

This review examines the growing concern over persistent, non-biodegradable micro- and nanopollutants in marine environments, driven largely by industrial activities, particularly manufacturing processes involving micro- and nanoparticles. Global oceans are increasingly burdened by complex mixtures of heavy metals, engineered nanomaterials (ENPs), and micro- to nanoplastics, all of which threaten ecosystem integrity and seafood safety. Heavy metals accumulate in sediments and marine organisms, enabling biomagnification through the food web. ENPs, with their nanoscale dimensions and unique physicochemical properties, are difficult to remove using conventional treatment methods. Micro- and nanoplastics worsen the problem by acting as vectors for toxic substances, enhancing their transport and bioavailability across trophic levels. Mitigating these pollutants demands integrated solutions. Advanced separation technologies, such as membrane filtration (MF, UF, NF), achieve high nanoparticle removal efficiency, while adsorption-based materials like MOFs and COFs effectively capture plastics and associated contaminants. Biological strategies, including enzymatic degradation by marine algae and their microbial consortia, offer sustainable, low-impact alternatives for long-term management. The combined application of physical, chemical, and biological interventions provides a multi-barrier defense, improving pollutant removal, reducing ecological risks, and supporting the restoration of marine ecosystem resilience.

PMID:42207367 | DOI:10.1007/s11356-026-37860-3

Adv Sci (Weinh). 2026 May 28:e75906. doi: 10.1002/advs.75906. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Machine learning (ML) holds promise for reconstructing microplastic (MP) aging and assessing risks, but current studies rely on small-scale, accelerated laboratory datasets and single environmental medium models that miss cross-media transport and environmental interactions in real-world MP lifecycles. To realize its potential for reconstructing spatiotemporal aging trajectories and toxicological assessment of MPs, this perspective provides a paradigm shift in ML application from fragmented data-fitting to a holistic, privacy-preserving, physics-aware strategy. A novel probabilistic framework reconstructs the environmental history of field-sampled MPs through mechanistic fingerprinting, using Bayesian inference to reconcile multi-evidence signals and improve trajectory models for source attribution and risk assessment. Furthermore, we propose the TRACE framework (TRansport, Aging, Corona, Ecotoxicity), which moves beyond the isolated modeling of aging processes and toxicity endpoints. By integrating physics-informed models with causal discovery, TRACE captures the reciprocal feedback loops between physicochemical evolution and eco-corona formation, thereby mechanistically linking surface transformations to biological risks. To support this data-intensive architecture, we advocate for federated learning (FL) to dismantle privacy barriers. This approach facilitates secure, multi-institutional collaborative modeling without raw data exchange, harmonizing heterogeneous datasets. Ultimately, this cohesive strategy bridges laboratory-field disparities, moving toward predictive, evidence-based, and targeted mitigation efforts in global plastic pollution governance.

PMID:42206949 | DOI:10.1002/advs.75906

J Hazard Mater. 2026 May 25;513:142516. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142516. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Understanding the migration pathways of microplastics (MPs) in freshwater ecosystems and their associated risks to aquatic reproductive health is critically needed. This study investigated these processes in Baiyangdian, a typical large shallow lake. MPs were analyzed in water, sediment, and intestines from two habitat-differentiated fish species-the benthic Carassius auratus and the water column-dwelling Pseudorasbora parva. Across all compartments, 31 polymer types were identified, with 20 common to all media. Small particles (< 100 μm) were significantly more abundant than large ones (> 100 μm) in each compartment. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and SourceTracker indicated that there was no significant difference between MPs in C. auratus intestines and those in sediment, and the proportion of intestinal MPs derived from sediment was significantly higher than that from the water column (P < 0.05). MPs in P. parva intestines differed significantly from both water and sediment, with the majority (> 80%) attributed to unassigned sources. Boosted Regression Trees (BRT) analyses revealed species-specific patterns: sediment and intestinal MPs showed higher relative importance for reproductive parameters in C. auratus, and water and intestinal MPs in P. parva. Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) identified specific polymers as key risk factors, with effect directions largely consistent with the overall medium-level associations identified by BRT. Integrating multivariate statistical and modeling approaches, this study characterizes MP transfer from environmental compartments to fish and assesses associations with reproductive parameters under field conditions. These findings underscore the necessity of incorporating pollutant sources and biological exposure pathways into ecological risk assessment frameworks.

PMID:42208286 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142516

World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2026 May 28;42(6):309. doi: 10.1007/s11274-026-05058-x.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (MPs) accumulate in soils, forming microbial habitats termed the "plastisphere", which can concentrate hydrophobic pollutants like phenanthrene (PHE). This study investigated how PHE stress influences the microbial community in the polypropylene-amended soil plastisphere compared to bulk soil, revealing its "microbial refuge" function. Significant differences in microbial composition were observed. Under PHE stress, the number of unique genera in the plastisphere increased from 4 (without PHE) to 9, and the composition of significantly enriched genera changed substantially, with only 1 out of 6 enriched genera shared between PHE-stressed and non-stressed conditions. In contrast, the depleted genera remained largely consistent. Functional prediction indicated that PHE stress was associated with reduced health risks in the plastisphere relative to bulk soil. Carbon and methane metabolism pathways were significantly enriched in the plastisphere regardless of PHE stress. In contrast, nitrogen metabolism, aromatic compound degradation, and PAH degradation pathways did not differ significantly between the plastisphere and soil. Although several pathways reached statistical significance, fewer than 8.33% exhibited an absolute log₂FC > 1. This discrepancy indicates that microplastics exert a limited biological impact on the overall metabolic potential of the soil microbiome, irrespective of PHE contamination. Microbial co-occurrence networks initially showed similar complexity between plastisphere and soil. However, PHE stress markedly reduced network complexity (degree) in the plastisphere and increased the proportion of negative correlations (indicating competition/antagonism) from ~ 60% to ~ 50% in both habitats. This study advances the mechanistic understanding of pollutant-driven microbial responses in soil plastispheres, with a focus on how this unique plastic-associated microbial niche mediates microbial composition, function, and network under PAH stress, thereby informing targeted bioremediation and ecological risk models for microplastic-organic co-contaminated environments.

PMID:42207427 | DOI:10.1007/s11274-026-05058-x

J Hazard Mater. 2026 May 26;513:142512. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142512. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The plastisphere serves as an expanding reservoir and dissemination vector for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), yet the environmental driving factors on high-risk ARG dynamics within this niche remain poorly understood. Herein, a multi-effect meta-analysis was conducted to quantify the influence of environmental factors on high-risk ARGs within the plastisphere. Relative to ambient waters, significant enrichment was observed for ARGs targeting macrolide (ermC, +114.47%), quinolone (aac(6')-Ib, + 89.62%), sulfonamide (sul1, +57.16%), quinolone (qnrS, +33.01%), and class I integrons (intI1, +48.61%). Among microplastics, polyethylene and polypropylene exhibited selective ARGs enrichment, exceeding concentration levels of ambient waters by 80.63% and 71.89%, respectively. Mantel and binning analyses quantified contributions of 13 environmental factors to 9 ARG genotypes and intI1. Additionally, molecular fingerprints (n = 92) obtained via RDKit revealed the contributions of microplastics' physicochemical properties. Independent explainable machine learning (ML) models developed using the H₂O-AutoML platform for sul1 and intI1 achieved high predictive accuracy. Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) analysis identified near-equal associations between intI1 risk and aquatic parameters (49.3%) versus microplastics (MPs) characteristics (50.3%), whereas sul1 risk was predominantly influenced by MPs (91.2%). This study enhances the understanding of the dynamics of ARGs in the plastic cycle and provides a methodological reference for the subsequent development of a predictive framework for rapid, large-scale monitoring of high-risk ARGs in aquatic environments.

PMID:42208298 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142512

J Hazard Mater. 2026 May 24;513:142508. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142508. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Estuarine-coastal regimes are critical links between land and the open ocean, yet their role as microplastics (MPs) sinks and the mechanisms governing MP retention remain poorly constrained. We conducted a coupled water-sediment survey in a macrotidal estuarine embayment to resolve MP distributions associated hydrographic and biogeochemical controls. MPs were ubiquitous in surface waters (upper 20-cm; 16,276 N m^-3 on average), subsurface waters (five layers between surface and bottom; 7861 N m^-3), and surface sediments (upper 2-cm; 703 N kg^-1), with no clear distance-dependent gradient. Among measured variables, only particulate organic carbon (POC), dominated by detritus with particle densities comparable to MPs, positively correlated with MPs in water column, suggesting that POC transiently traces waterborne MPs. Weak hydrographic stratification and largely uniform subsurface MP distributions indicated strong tidal homogenization of the water column. In contrast, pronounced differences in MP abundance and composition between overlying waters and surface sediments-likely driven by tidally induced unstable burial and frequent resuspension-suggested that sedimentary inventories may not fully reflect contemporary MP inputs. Although sediments showed higher MP concentrations than overlying waters on a per-volume basis, the sediment-water contrast was 10²-10⁴ times smaller than that reported for more quiescent depositional environments. Sedimentary MP-C:TOC ratios were very low (0.03%) and remained one to two orders of magnitude lower than waterborne MP-C:POC ratios. These findings suggest that, contrary to expectations, sedimentary MP sequestration and buffering against offshore MP export may be limited in tide-dominated coastal systems. Collectively, this study provides a mechanistic framework for evaluating MP retention and MP incorporation into the marine carbon pool in estuarine-coastal environments.

PMID:42208289 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142508

J Hazard Mater. 2026 May 27;513:142535. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142535. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Accurate identification of polymer types and quantification of their contents for mixture samples are critical for recovering waste plastics and mitigating the environmental and human health risks posed by microplastics. However, it remains a major challenge due to the limitations of conventional spectroscopic and imaging techniques, which are costly and time-consuming. Here, a machine learning framework was established to quantify the contents of most commonly seen plastics present in mixed plastic samples using only elemental information, namely the contents of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N). A synthetic dataset encompassing the major polymers was constructed based on theoretical elemental composition data. Different machine learning algorithms were compared using elemental descriptors as input features. SHapley Additive exPlanations analysis based on an optimal random forest model (for predicting polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene & polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyamide, and polycarbonate, average test R² of 0.98) indicated that H and atomic ratios (H/C and O/C) were the most discriminative features, reflecting intrinsic chemical differences among polymers. Experimental validation using real mixed-plastic samples yielded an overall R² of ∼0.70, and leave-one-out cross-validation performed solely on experimentally measured samples gave comparable performance. After further incorporating poly(butylene terephthalate), polyoxymethylene, poly(methyl methacrylate), and polylactic acid, the extended-feature ten-component model achieved an average test R² of 0.89. This work proposed a promising methodology to address the critical gap in the quantitative determination of polymer mass fractions in multi-component plastic mixtures.

PMID:42208302 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142535

Aquat Toxicol. 2026 May 26;297:107877. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2026.107877. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Triclosan (TCS), a widely used antimicrobial biocide, has raised significant concerns due to its environmental persistence and toxicity to aquatic organisms. TCS enters aquatic environments primarily through wastewater effluents, where it can disrupt critical steps of biogeochemical processes, such as nitrification, which is essential for maintaining nutrient balance in ecosystems. TCS inhibits ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) and nitrite oxidoreductase (NXR) activity and downregulates key nitrification gene expression including amoA and nxrB, thereby impairing nitrogen transformation pathways in aquatic ecosystems, and its effects are modulated by co-pollutants such as heavy metals and microplastics. This review outlines current evidence on the impact of TCS on nitrifying bacteria and associated shifts in microbial community structure integrating omics-based insights that reveal nitrification gene abundance and co-enrichment of TCS degraders and antibiotic resistance determinants. It emphasises the need for integrated research on the long-term effects of TCS on biogeochemical cycling and nitrification, and highlights implications for regulation and advanced green chemistry based wastewater management.

PMID:42208386 | DOI:10.1016/j.aquatox.2026.107877

Food Chem. 2026 May 26;520:149818. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2026.149818. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

In this study, 1 μm glass fiber membranes were used to enrich polystyrene microplastics (PS MPs), and then hydrophilic iron oxide nanoparticle (n-Fe₃O₄) was used to capture the residual polystyrene nanoplastics (PS NPs), primarily through hydrogen bonding, coordination, and electrostatic interactions. MPs on membranes and NPs captured by n-Fe₃O₄ were respectively determined by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The method was verified by adding PS MNPs standard to ultrapure water. The detection limit of this method was 0.16 μg/cup for PS MPs and 0.03 μg/cup for PS NPs. The absolute recovery rates of MPs and NPs were 99 ± 2% and 89 ± 3%, respectively. The test results of three batches of PS lunch boxes showed that the content of PS MPs attached on surfaces was 6.79-12.30 μg/box, and the content of PS NPs was 0.51-0.96 μg/box. The migrated PS MPs and PS NPs were 4.71-5.19 μg/box and 1.27-1.40 μg/box respectively.

PMID:42208447 | DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2026.149818

Adv Sci (Weinh). 2026 May 28:e12152. doi: 10.1002/advs.202512152. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics are posing an escalating threat to both ecological systems and human health. Yet, current methods for investigating their bioaccumulation are highly invasive, requiring destructive analysis of ex vivo tissues via mass spectrometry, dye labelling, or Raman microspectroscopy. This limits the study of biodistribution dynamics in preclinical models and human populations, leaving an urgent need for non-invasive alternatives. Meeting this challenge, for the first time in living tissue, the native optical absorption properties of microplastics are exploited to generate photoacoustic signal - imageable ultrasound emission following thermalisation of pulsed laser light. Distinct optical absorption profiles enable microplastic differentiation from endogenous biological signal sources, long-term tracking over 2 months in a mouse model, and microscale resolution of particle features verified histologically. This novel approach overcomes previous limitations of optical and nuclear imaging methods relying on fluorescent dyes or radio-isotopes, going beyond small transparent organisms such as zebrafish or nematodes, and half-life-dependent timescales, respectively. By enabling serial monitoring of microplastic biodistribution dynamics, this technique will help interrogate interacting factors such as ingestion route, microplastic shape, size and polymer type - and their effects on accumulation, degradation, clearance, and disease in animal models, and, ultimately, human subjects.

PMID:42208590 | DOI:10.1002/advs.202512152

Environ Res. 2026 May 27;304:124824. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2026.124824. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Ensuring good indoor air quality in schools is essential for healthy child development. Airborne microplastics (MP) pollution has attracted increasing attention in recent years due to the potential negative impact on human health, especially in indoor environments where people spend approximately 90% of their time. The present study is one of the first to combine real classroom airborne microplastic measurements with respiratory deposition and clearance modelling, enabling a health-relevant evaluation of lung-deposited dose in children. We collected total suspended particles from indoor air in 5 primary schools (n = 25) across the urban area of Barcelona to assess MP concentrations and composition. Quantitative analysis was performed by pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry, a size-unrestricted technique targeting ten polymer types. Total MP concentrations ranged from 64.9 ± 24.3 to 178.7 ± 47.7 ng/m³ with a mean value of 99.7 ± 44.4 ng/m³. Nylon 6,6 and nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) were detected in all the samples, with NBR showing the highest concentrations (36.8 ± 14.1 to 109.6 ± 23.6 ng/m³). To evaluate potential health implications, the ExDoM2 dosimetry model based on the International Commission on Radiological Protection framework was applied to estimate respiratory deposition and clearance in children. On average, 32 ± 8 particles were deposited during an 8-h school day, corresponding to a mass dose of 254 ± 68 ng. After 24 h, 60-67% of the deposited mass was cleared to the gastrointestinal tract via mucociliary transport, and less than 1% was estimated to reach the bloodstream. These results highlight the relevance of inhalation exposure to MP in school environments and the necessity of additional research during critical developmental stages.

PMID:42208884 | DOI:10.1016/j.envres.2026.124824

Circulation. 2026 May 28. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.126.079820. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Bisphenol F (BPF) is a common substitute for bisphenol A and the most prevalent bisphenol compound in diverse plastic manufacturing applications. However, the potential toxicity of BPF remains largely unexplored. This study investigates the effects of BPF on the cardiovascular system and intestinal barrier.

METHODS: Germ-free mouse models and fecal microbiota transplantation techniques were used to confirm the role of gut microbiota in BPF-induced cardiovascular injury. Untargeted metabolomics and spatial metabolomics were used to identify the in vivo metabolic products of BPF. Single-cell sequencing was used to identify which cardiac cell types were damaged by BPF exposure.

RESULTS: BPF was detected in 90.5% of 285 human urine samples (median, 1.16 ng/μg creatinine). BPF exposure induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, cardiac dysfunction, and intestinal barrier damage, effects contingent on the presence of gut microbiota. Metabolomic analysis identified the microbial conversion of BPF to N-acetylputrescine (NAP). Mechanistically, we found that BPF stimulated intestinal epithelial cells to secrete spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1 (Sat1), which catalyzed this conversion. Furthermore, NAP impaired the intestinal barrier by disrupting the Golgi-mitochondria axis and caused cardiac hypertrophy by activating the p53 pathway and inhibiting glycolysis in cardiomyocytes. Supplementation with Akkermansia muciniphila or its metabolite tryptophol mitigated BPF-induced cardiac and intestinal injuries by downregulating the Sat1-NAP axis. Clinical analysis further showed elevated serum NAP levels in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, positively correlating with cardiac injury markers.

CONCLUSIONS: BPF disrupts intestinal barrier function through microbial metabolism involving the tryptophol/Sat1 pathway, leading to NAP production. NAP damages intestinal organelles and enters circulation, inducing cardiac p53 activation and hypertrophy. This study delineates a novel gut microbiota-Sat1-NAP pathway underlying BPF-induced cardiotoxicity, offering new insights for risk assessment and therapeutic intervention.

PMID:42206375 | DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.126.079820

Toxics. 2026 Apr 30;14(5):386. doi: 10.3390/toxics14050386.

ABSTRACT

The emerging problem that microplastics pose to our society is reflected in the exponential growth in investigations devoted to uncovering their toxicological potential in humans. However, these studies present several limitations, one of the most significant being the use of microplastics that do not represent their environmental counterparts. In this study, we evaluated the impact of two types of polyethylene microplastics (27-32 µm)-non-fluorescent and fluorescent-on the liver and intestine, targeting mitochondria. FVB/n mice were subjected to a subacute exposure to two concentrations representative of human exposure (0.002% (w/w) and 0.006% (w/w)). Both types of microplastics impaired mitochondrial respiration through disruption of NADH-linked pathways, with more pronounced effects at the highest concentration of fluorescent MPs. Electron transport chain complexes, particularly CIII and CIV, were affected, partially explaining the observed alterations in mitochondrial respiratory capacity. An increased SOD and GPx activity supported the link between mitochondrial dysfunction and increased reactive oxygen species overproduction under MPs exposure. Hepatic mitochondrial lipid remodelling was detected following exposure to fluorescent microplastics, while intestinal epithelial cells displayed impaired mitochondrial activity together with compromised cellular integrity, indicative of stress response. In parallel, shifts in gut composition suggest that PE MPs may contribute to intestinal barrier dysfunction. Overall, fluorescent MPs induced more severe mitochondrial and biochemical disturbances in both the liver and the intestine than their non-fluorescent counterparts. Our findings highlight mitochondria as central targets for microplastic-induced toxicity and underscore the need for improved MPs models in toxicological research.

PMID:42198511 | PMC:PMC13211033 | DOI:10.3390/toxics14050386

Toxics. 2026 May 10;14(5):416. doi: 10.3390/toxics14050416.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics are emerging contaminants widely present in aquatic environments, yet their toxic effects on submerged plants and associated microbial communities under saline conditions remain unclear. In this study, Myriophyllum spicatum was exposed to polystyrene (PS) microplastics (0, 10, 30, 60, and 100 mg·L^-1) under 0.5% salinity. We investigated plant growth, physiological responses, nitrogen and phosphorus removal, transcriptomic changes, and phyllosphere microbial communities. Results showed a concentration-dependent response, with low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition. At 30 mg·L^-1, PS promoted growth, maintained membrane integrity and photosynthetic pigment levels, and enhanced nutrient removal. In contrast, 100 mg·L^-1 PS caused membrane damage, photosynthetic inhibition, oxidative stress, and reduced nutrient uptake, indicating clear toxic effects. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that high PS significantly affected genes related to photosynthesis, antioxidant defense, energy metabolism, and nutrient transport. Microplastics promoted biofilm formation on leaf surfaces but did not significantly alter overall microbial community structure or diversity, instead shifting functionally related taxa associated with plant oxidative responses and nutrient removal. These findings demonstrate that PS microplastics exert phytotoxic effects under saline conditions by disrupting physiological processes and are associated with shifts in functional microbial groups, with potential implications for aquatic ecosystem health.

PMID:42198541 | PMC:PMC13211750 | DOI:10.3390/toxics14050416

Toxics. 2026 May 8;14(5):406. doi: 10.3390/toxics14050406.

ABSTRACT

The Yangtze River Economic Belt supports over 400 million people and contributes nearly half of China's GDP, yet decades of industrialization, urbanization, and agricultural intensification have resulted in severe contamination and pressing environmental challenges. This systematic review synthesizes three decades of peer-reviewed and governmental data to examine the spatiotemporal distribution, sources, and ecological and human health risks of major pollutants, including heavy metals, microplastics, persistent organic pollutants, and excess nutrients. While point-source emission of heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, and mercury have decreased by 35-42% since 2013 following policy interventions like the 10-Point Water Plan and the Yangtze River Protection Law, legacy contaminants in sediments and diffuse agricultural inputs continue to pose significant risks. Cadmium levels in rice still exceed food safety standards, arsenic in groundwater surpasses health guidelines, and microplastic flux into the East China Sea has reached 8.3 × 10¹² particles per year. Nutrient surpluses also drive extensive algal blooms, causing substantial economic losses. This review evaluates remediation strategies such as dredging, phytoremediation, wetland restoration, and AI-enhanced monitoring, which show removal efficiencies of 60-90% at reduced costs. However, critical gaps remain in understanding chronic mixture toxicity, the long-term fate of emerging contaminants, and pollutant-climate interactions. We propose an integrated basin-wide roadmap combining zero-liquid-discharge mandates, green infrastructure, and adaptive, performance-based governance to secure the Yangtze's ecological and economic sustainability. This framework offers a transferable model for large-scale watershed management worldwide.

PMID:42198532 | PMC:PMC13211577 | DOI:10.3390/toxics14050406

Toxics. 2026 May 21;14(5):450. doi: 10.3390/toxics14050450.

ABSTRACT

Emerging contaminants (ECs) encompass a wide spectrum of pollutants, from endocrine disruptors and persistent organic pollutants to microplastics and pharmaceutical residues. These contaminants often exhibit distinct chemical and physical properties compared with traditional pollutants and potentially pose risks to human health, especially as they have become pervasive in environmental and biological systems. ECs can also pose a significant threat to cardiovascular health, as they may target the ion channels that are critical to regulating cardiac excitability and contraction. However, the impact of ECs on the cardiovascular system, particularly on cardiac ion channels, remains elusive. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the knowledge base concerning the impact of emerging contaminants on cardiac ion channels, with an emphasis on the effects of these compounds on cardiac excitability, contractility, and overall cardiovascular function. We first outline the structural and functional characteristics of ion channels, along with how these transmembrane proteins regulate cardiac physiology. Subsequently, we detail how typical ECs directly or indirectly interact with various ion channels-including sodium, calcium, potassium channels, as well as ion transporters and exchangers. Special attention is given to studies that have demonstrated cell-level responses or examined how pollutant concentration and chemical structure affect the modulation of ion channels. This review compiles recent research reports to elucidate the mechanisms by which EC exposure disrupts cardiac ion channels, potentially leading to cardiotoxicity. Moreover, the insights gathered herein illuminate critical research gaps and outline essential directions for future investigations.

PMID:42198576 | PMC:PMC13211365 | DOI:10.3390/toxics14050450

Toxics. 2026 May 21;14(5):450. doi: 10.3390/toxics14050450.

ABSTRACT

Emerging contaminants (ECs) encompass a wide spectrum of pollutants, from endocrine disruptors and persistent organic pollutants to microplastics and pharmaceutical residues. These contaminants often exhibit distinct chemical and physical properties compared with traditional pollutants and potentially pose risks to human health, especially as they have become pervasive in environmental and biological systems. ECs can also pose a significant threat to cardiovascular health, as they may target the ion channels that are critical to regulating cardiac excitability and contraction. However, the impact of ECs on the cardiovascular system, particularly on cardiac ion channels, remains elusive. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the knowledge base concerning the impact of emerging contaminants on cardiac ion channels, with an emphasis on the effects of these compounds on cardiac excitability, contractility, and overall cardiovascular function. We first outline the structural and functional characteristics of ion channels, along with how these transmembrane proteins regulate cardiac physiology. Subsequently, we detail how typical ECs directly or indirectly interact with various ion channels-including sodium, calcium, potassium channels, as well as ion transporters and exchangers. Special attention is given to studies that have demonstrated cell-level responses or examined how pollutant concentration and chemical structure affect the modulation of ion channels. This review compiles recent research reports to elucidate the mechanisms by which EC exposure disrupts cardiac ion channels, potentially leading to cardiotoxicity. Moreover, the insights gathered herein illuminate critical research gaps and outline essential directions for future investigations.

PMID:42198576 | PMC:PMC13211365 | DOI:10.3390/toxics14050450

Microorganisms. 2026 Apr 26;14(5):972. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms14050972.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (MPs) often co-occur with heavy metals (HMs), posing combined stress that inhibits plant growth. While plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) are known to alleviate heavy metal toxicity, their role under MP-HM co-contamination and the differential responses of rhizosphere microbial communities remain unclear. This study evaluated the effects of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), polylactic acid (PLA) MPs, and their combined contamination on spinach growth using pot experiments, and assessed the mitigation potential of two PGPB strains. PGPB inoculation significantly increased plant height and dry weight. High-throughput sequencing revealed that pollution treatments and PGPB altered rhizosphere bacterial and fungal community composition and diversity. Microbial shifts were closely associated with soil chemical properties and plant growth. Notably, bacteria and fungi exhibited distinct response patterns to combined stress and remediation. Functional prediction (PICRUSt2) indicated that microbial communities enhanced metabolic processes and nutrient (N and P) cycling to cope with stress. PGPB inoculation reduced heavy metal toxicity, improved soil nutrient status (P and K), increased microbial diversity, and regulated microbial functions, thereby supporting soil ecological stability. These findings provide insights into rhizosphere microbial mechanisms and support the application of PGPB for remediation of MP-HM co-contaminated soils.

PMID:42197358 | PMC:PMC13209237 | DOI:10.3390/microorganisms14050972

Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2026 Apr 27;23(5):563. doi: 10.3390/ijerph23050563.

ABSTRACT

Wastewater is a complex and dynamic issue, particularly at the human-animal-environment interface, bearing biological and chemical hazards that may serve as a resource for transmission pathways for pathogens, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants, heavy metals, pharmaceutical residues, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and microplastics. Rising global health issues necessitate effective wastewater treatment and advanced research to support risk-informed circular management within a one health framework, incorporating wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), multi-omics approaches, nanobiotechnology, and green technologies. Inadequate wastewater treatment and uncontrolled discharge result in the generation of more than 380 billion cubic meters of wastewater annually worldwide, contributing to ecological degradation, the spread of AMR, and long-term toxicological risks. Despite significant advances in wastewater treatment, several challenges remain, including complex contaminant mixtures, limited detection and monitoring technologies, variable treatment efficiency, and weak regulatory and governance frameworks. This review highlights key wastewater treatment issues and presents recent advances in WBE and multi-omics approaches, such as metagenomics, resistome profiling, virome analysis, and chemical fingerprinting for contaminant monitoring and public health risk assessment. This review also examines circular reuse strategies focused on water reclamation, nutrient recovery, bioenergy production, and resource recovery, with particular emphasis on nature-based systems, hybrid biological-physicochemical treatment platforms, and green nanobiotechnology as promising approaches to improve treatment performance while minimizing environmental impacts. In conclusion, this review highlights the importance of integrated and sustainable wastewater management approaches within the One Health framework to address emerging challenges and promote environmental resilience, public health protection, and circular resource recovery.

PMID:42196657 | PMC:PMC13206708 | DOI:10.3390/ijerph23050563

J Agric Food Chem. 2026 May 27. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6c01804. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The coexistence of biodegradable microplastics (BMPs) and herbicides poses emerging risks in vulnerable karst agroecosystems. This study investigated the individual and combined effects of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) BMPs and the herbicide nicosulfuron on maize growth, litter decomposition, and soil carbon cycling in two typical soils (yellow soil and limestone soil) in karst regions. Combined pollution synergistically inhibited plant growth, reducing biomass by 50% in yellow soil and 76% in limestone soil, while inducing greater oxidative damage in yellow soil. In limestone soil, combined treatment accelerated litter decomposition (80.5% mass loss) and significantly upregulated carbon cycle functional genes (e.g., aclB by 21.3 times). This study reveals the synergistic ecological risks of combined pollution of BMPs and herbicides in karst farmland, and emphasizes that soil type is a key factor determining the direction and intensity of the combined effects. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct risk assessments for specific soil types.

PMID:42202257 | DOI:10.1021/acs.jafc.6c01804

Eur Phys J E Soft Matter. 2026 May 27;49(6):43. doi: 10.1140/epje/s10189-026-00587-7.

ABSTRACT

Calanoid copepods are key components of marine and estuarine food webs. Exposure to various classes of pollutants induces changes in their swimming behavior. This raises concerns about potential effects on critical processes such as feeding, mating, predator avoidance and vertical migration. The effect of pollution by microplastics is not well known. We investigated in a large experimental tank the effects of the smallest size fraction of microplastics on the swimming behavior of the estuarine copepod Eurytemora affinis. Because the motion of zooplankton is intrinsically linked to that of the ambient fluid, we recorded copepods moving freely in calm water and in grid-generated turbulence to recreate some of the hydrodynamic conditions they experience in their natural environment. Using an advanced implementation of 3D Lagrangian particle tracking velocimetry, we simultaneously measured copepod trajectories and the surrounding flow field at high temporal resolution. In calm water, copepods alternated between periods of cruising and sudden relocation jumps. In turbulence, copepod motion was dominated by transport by the flow, yet jumps allowed copepods to deviate from the flow streamlines. The measurement of the relative velocity of copepods with respect to the underlying flow enabled us to characterize the statistics of these jumps. Turbulence significantly increased jump frequency without modifying their amplitude or duration. Following a 12-hour exposure to polyethylene fragments at 300 $\mu$ g/L, copepods showed increased jump frequency in calm water corresponding to 40 % increase in energetic cost. In contrast, exposure to microplastics produced weak additional effects on swimming behavior under turbulent conditions. These results confirm the existence of an active response to turbulence in E. affinis and are consistent with a hyperactive behavior triggered by exposure to microplastic pollution.

PMID:42201637 | PMC:PMC13216172 | DOI:10.1140/epje/s10189-026-00587-7

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2026 May 27;319:120314. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.120314. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (MPs) are increasingly recognized as a novel carbon input in terrestrial ecosystems, yet their effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) pools across purple soils with different pH remain poorly understood. Here, acidic, neutral, and alkaline purple soils were collected from the Sichuan, China, and a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the responses of SOC fractions, microbial communities, and buckwheat growth to polyethylene (PE)-MPs. The addition of PE-MPs increased soil total organic carbon across all soils (p < 0.05), while its effects on labile pools differed by pH: microbial biomass carbon (MBC) increased in neutral, and alkaline soils, whereas particulate organic carbon (POC) increased in acidic soil (p < 0.05). However, microbial necromass (MNC) remained stable under PE-MPs addition in all soils (p > 0.05). PE-MPs inhibited buckwheat height in neutral but promoted the biomass in alkaline soil (p < 0.05). For the microbial communities, PE-MPs reduced bacterial diversity in acidic and neutral soils, but increased fungal richness in neutral and alkaline soils (p < 0.05). Gemmatimonas and Sphingomonas were significantly enriched by PE-MPs in neutral and alkaline soils, while Fusarium was reduced in alkaline soil under PE-MPs treatment. Mantel tests revealed stronger bacterial associations with SOC and MBC in neutral and alkaline soils, whereas fungal genera were primarily linked to MNC in neutral soil. Partial least squares path modeling suggested weaker associations between PE-induced carbon gains and microbial properties in acidic soil, but tighter linkages among SOC pools, microbial diversity, and buckwheat performance in neutral and alkaline soils.

PMID:42202466 | DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.120314

Commun Med (Lond). 2026 May 27;6(1):311. doi: 10.1038/s43856-026-01675-7.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) are environmental contaminants increasingly detected in human tissues, raising public health concerns. Although evidence is still insufficient to directly link MNPs to genitourinary cancers (GU), this Review examines their potential role in prostate, bladder, and renal cell carcinoma. Proposed mechanisms include chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and endocrine disruption driven by plastic-associated additives. Emerging studies report quantitative detection of MNPs within human prostate and bladder tumors, with higher burdens associated with dietary habits such as frequent take-out food consumption. The Review also highlights their role in cancer therapy: MNPs may alter antineoplastic drug pharmacokinetics and promote resistance, yet polymer-based nanoparticles can be engineered as advanced drug delivery platforms. Materials such as PLGA and PEG may improve targeted delivery of chemotherapies and immunotherapies, supporting more effective and personalized treatment strategies in GU oncology.

PMID:42203887 | PMC:PMC13216587 | DOI:10.1038/s43856-026-01675-7

Mar Environ Res. 2026 May 19;220:108127. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2026.108127. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Coastal ecosystems are increasingly affected by anthropogenic pressures such as organic enrichment and microplastic contamination, which threaten benthic habitats and biodiversity. Seagrass meadows, such as those formed by Posidonia oceanica, are particularly vulnerable in urbanized areas, making it essential to understand the combined effects of multiple stressors on their functioning and associated communities. Here we study the benthic macrofaunal community structure at two coastal sites characterised by the presence of Posidonia oceanica meadows affected by microplastic contamination and organic enrichment. The results showed that faunal abundance and taxa richness were lower in sediments characterised by higher organic matter and MPs amount, and lower P. oceanica density, coinciding with the area subjected to higher urbanisation, as revealed by the biopolymeric carbon and total phyto-pigments analysis. Therefore, these results suggest that the high input of organic matter of human origin can represent a stressor for P. oceanica meadows, leading to a reduction in shoot density. This condition, associated with a greater accumulation of microplastics in the underlying sediments, appeared to have negative effects on the associated biodiversity. Our findings contribute to advancing current knowledge on the effect of multiple stressors (i.e. the organic enrichment and the MPs contamination) on marine ecosystems and on the species diversity they support, and highlight the urgent need to implement the investigations on potential cumulative effects among pollutants and actions mitigating pressures on key coastal habitats such as seagrass meadows.

PMID:42202597 | DOI:10.1016/j.marenvres.2026.108127

Environ Int. 2026 May 23;213:110322. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2026.110322. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) and micro- and nanoplastics are increasingly detected in agri-food systems, yet approaches for prioritising particles relevant to oral exposure remain limited and fragmented. A semi-quantitative probability-impact framework was developed to rank potential human health hazards associated with dietary exposure. Six probability-related factors: annual production, application sectors, predicted environmental concentrations (PECs), dissolution ratio, first-order decay rate (k), and zeta potential; and four impact-related factors: Predicted No-Effect Concentrations (PNEC), half maximal Effective Concentration (EC₅₀), Reference Dose (RfD), and minimum of No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level (NOAEL) and Lowest-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level (LOAEL) values were integrated within a probability (P)-impact (I) matrix. Literature-derived inputs were parameterised using appropriate distributions, transformed into percentile-based dimensionless scores and aggregated under a baseline equal-weight scenario and two alternative weighting scenarios based on the Entropy Weight Method (EWM) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Monte Carlo simulation (100,000 iterations) and Spearman rank-order coefficients were used to quantify uncertainty and identify dominant drivers. Across scenarios, Ag, TiO₂, ZnO, CNTs, CeO₂, and CuO consistently formed the high-priority group, whereas SiO₂, Al₂O₃, microplastics, nanoplastics, fullerene, Au, and Fe₂O₃ generally occupied intermediate positions. PEC and production were the most recurrent positive drivers of ranking variability. This framework provided an updateable screening-level prioritisation tool to support targeted monitoring, refined exposure assessment, and focused toxicological evaluation of higher-priority particles.

PMID:42202632 | DOI:10.1016/j.envint.2026.110322

Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2026 May 27:105050. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2026.105050. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:42203616 | DOI:10.1016/j.etap.2026.105050

Toxics. 2026 Apr 24;14(5):359. doi: 10.3390/toxics14050359.

ABSTRACT

The escalating crisis of plastic pollution has positioned microplastics (MPs) as globally pervasive environmental contaminants, with a documented presence across aquatic, terrestrial, and atmospheric ecosystems, as well as within biological organisms. A growing body of evidence suggests that MPs not only threaten ecological integrity but may also induce multifaceted neurotoxic effects in humans, particularly targeting the functional architecture of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). As the central regulator of cognition, emotional processing, and behavioral control, PFC dysfunction has been hypothesized to be associated with cognitive deficits, emotional dysregulation, and behavioral abnormalities. In this comprehensive review, we synthesize the current understanding of MP-mediated neurotoxicity through three interconnected pathways: (1) structural and functional impairment of PFC neural networks, (2) disruption of neurotransmitter homeostasis, and (3) potential associations with neuropsychiatric pathogenesis. By integrating these mechanistic insights, this work aims to provide a scientific foundation for risk assessment frameworks and evidence-based environmental health policies.

PMID:42198484 | PMC:PMC13211500 | DOI:10.3390/toxics14050359

Anal Chem. 2026 May 27. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5c08078. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Source identification of microplastics (MPs) is important for controlling pollution, however, an effective method is still lacking. In the present paper, a low-dosage froth flotation separation protocol was developed to separate MPs efficiently, and coupled with Raman fingerprints to identify the source. By analyzing the alterations in surface properties of MPs, the inhibitory mechanism of activated sludge on froth flotation efficiency of MPs was elucidated, attributed to the reduced hydrophobicity, adsorption of humic acid (HA), and the concentration of HA in flotation solution. Sieving pretreatment was applied to mitigate the inhibition caused by HA, while the flotation efficiency (exceeding 70%) was enhanced by the addition of 16 mg/L cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The concentration of MPs in actual samples was quantified by FT-IR spectroscopy at 38-46 particles/L, with identified polymers, including polyamide (PA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS), and polyurethane (PU). MPs in different treatment units were identified using 20 mM KBr-modified SERS via detection of surface-adsorbed substances on MPs (detection limit: 10 μg/L). Raman fingerprints were obtained by froth flotation coupled with SERS, enabling the successful detection of surface substances and source identification in actual samples. This integrated approach offers high anti-interference capability for analyzing surface-adsorbed substances on MPs, thereby improving the accuracy of environmental fate tracing in treatment systems, and promising to be an efficient and accurate traceability method for MPs.

PMID:42201550 | DOI:10.1021/acs.analchem.5c08078

Sensors (Basel). 2026 May 12;26(10):3054. doi: 10.3390/s26103054.

ABSTRACT

Water resources face a significant environmental challenge: pollution from microplastics (MP) and heavy metals (HM). These elements pose a dual threat to ecosystems and public health. Microplastics, defined as particles smaller than 5 mm, are of anthropogenic origin, resulting from the degradation of plastics by environmental factors such as solar radiation and friction with the surrounding environment, as well as from their addition to cosmetic and textile products. These materials have been widely detected in drinking water and everyday foods. Heavy metals, high-density elements (>5g/cm3), while naturally present in the Earth's crust, are also generated in large quantities through human activity. Their toxicological risk lies in their ability to accumulate and efficiently move through the trophic chain. Due to the risks to public health and the impacts these pose to ecosystems, it is necessary to continue seeking solutions that enable their monitoring and detection. As a contribution, this work presents a methodology for detecting microplastics and heavy metals in seawater using different machine learning models and an electronic tongue coupled to a sensor network. Two different types of heavy metals, primarily zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd), as well as microplastic particles composed of expanded polystyrene (EPS), were detected under controlled conditions simulating different types of water. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) confirmed the concentrations of the heavy metals studied, supporting machine-learning classification of contaminated waters. Microplastics exhibited strong metal adsorption, influenced by the physicochemical properties of the water. Overall, AUC values above 90% were obtained for seven different models, demonstrating the reliability of the electronic tongue in conjunction with classical machine learning techniques for detecting these elements.

PMID:42197862 | PMC:PMC13211093 | DOI:10.3390/s26103054

Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2026 May 27;26(6):62. doi: 10.1007/s12012-026-10136-5.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) have been detected in human blood and cardiovascular tissues, raising concerns about their potential role in cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the overall research landscape-including knowledge structure, collaboration networks, and evolving trends-remains poorly characterized. This study aims to map the field using bibliometric analysis. Publications from 2017 to 2025 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection. Bibliometric analyses (publication trends, country/institution collaboration networks, keyword co-occurrence and clustering, co-citation networks, and burst detection) were performed using CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and Scimago Graphica. A total of 390 publications were analyzed. Annual publication output has grown exponentially since 2022. China, the United States, and Italy are the core contributing countries. Research hotspots center on inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, and pollutant exposure. The frontier has shifted from fundamental toxicology toward nanoplastics and specific polymers (e.g., polystyrene) in CVD, as well as their association with clinical outcomes. Emerging foci include cardio-renal comorbidity. To our knowledge, this is the first bibliometric study to systematically map the MNP-CVD research field. The field is moving from mechanistic exploration toward clinical epidemiological research. Future priorities include interdisciplinary collaboration, standardized detection methods, large-scale prospective cohort studies, and mechanism-based targeted interventions. Bibliometric data reflect publication patterns, not causal evidence.

PMID:42201430 | DOI:10.1007/s12012-026-10136-5

Molecules. 2026 May 19;31(10):1730. doi: 10.3390/molecules31101730.

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the oxidative degradation of polystyrene (PS) through a synergistic framework integrating UV-C-accelerated aging with Reactive Molecular Dynamics (ReaxFF) simulations. To bridge the gap between experimental and computational timescales, shock compression was employed in the simulations as an accelerator of degradation reactions. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy revealed the emergence of carbonyl (1717 cm^-1) and peroxyester (1760 cm^-1) bands, alongside dominant ether-type oxygen bridges (1260, 1209 cm^-1). These experimental data, particularly the depletion of native aromatic bands (1492, 1451 cm^-1), provide direct empirical validation of the ring-ring cross-linking and radical-mediated oxidation pathways predicted by the ReaxFF model. The results demonstrate that theory-guided diagnostics offer a robust mechanism for understanding the atomic-level restructuring of the polymer matrix. Significantly, the formation of hydrophilic oxygenated groups increases the bioavailability and environmental hazard potential of fragmented PS microplastics, providing critical insights into their long-term ecological fate.

PMID:42197283 | PMC:PMC13210343 | DOI:10.3390/molecules31101730

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2026 May 27;90(4):29. doi: 10.1007/s00244-026-01201-9.

ABSTRACT

In this study, we assessed the genotoxicity induced by the exposure to polylactic acid microplastics (PLA-MPs) and/or antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in the marine bivalve species, Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Oysters were exposed for 14 days to three experimental conditions: PLA-MPs alone, SMX alone and mixing PLA-MPs + SMX at concentrations of five mg/L for PLA-MPs and 64 ng/L for SMX. To achieve this goal, the mediated genotoxicity was assessed by analyzing biomarker such as micronucleus frequency, the degree of DNA damage and changes in gene expressions in gill tissues of exposed oysters, while PLA-MPs accumulation were analyzed in gill tissues. Results show that PLA-MPs were the primary driver of microplastic accumulation in oyster gill tissues, whereas co-exposure PLA-MPs + SMX resulted in significant but reduced accumulation compared with PLA-MPs. Exposure to PLA-MPs or in combination with antibiotic SMX induced additional transmission pathways which lead to DNA damage and micronucleus formation. However, oysters co-exposed to PLA-MPs + SMX exhibited increased susceptibility to micronucleus in gill tissues, whereas the extent of DNA damage in oysters exposed to PLA-MPs alone was comparable to that observed under combined PLA-MPs + SMX exposure. Notably, combination of PLA-MPs and SMX amplified oxidative stress and detoxification responses in oysters through SMX modulating PLA-induced antioxidant signaling. This combination exacerbated suppression of key detoxification pathways, thereby potentially increasing susceptibility to genotoxic effects in contaminated aquatic environments. The research findings of this study provide relevant insights for toxicology related to bio-based microplastics.

PMID:42201392 | DOI:10.1007/s00244-026-01201-9

Materials (Basel). 2026 May 8;19(10):1933. doi: 10.3390/ma19101933.

ABSTRACT

Because the environmental pollution arising from microplastics and carbon emissions continues to intensify, biodegradable alginate fibers have become green candidates to relieve the environmental crisis. However, the facile fabrication of alginate fibers with excellent mechanical strength and specific functionalities remains challenging. This study incorporates titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles into pre-crosslinked sodium alginate (SA) spinning solutions to fabricate multifunctional alginate composite fibers by a one-step wet-spinning strategy. Due to the pre-crosslinking of calcium ions (Ca²⁺), the spinning solution shows favorable rheological performance for wet spinning, ensuring the continuous fabrication of the fibers. By optimizing the TiO₂ content, SA/TiO₂ composite fibers exhibit oriented and uniform morphology, as well as enhanced mechanical performance (breaking stress of 400 MPa and Young's modulus of 17.2 GPa). The incorporation of TiO₂ also endows the fibers with excellent formaldehyde degradation and quick self-extinguished capacity, expanding their applications in formaldehyde-removal and flame-retardant textiles.

PMID:42195573 | PMC:PMC13208577 | DOI:10.3390/ma19101933

Environ Sci Process Impacts. 2026 May 27. doi: 10.1039/d6em00100a. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Plastic pollution is an increasing global concern that has been shown to damage our environment. The current literature focuses on detecting the presence of plastic in environmental matrices, but little has been done to develop methods to identify the sources of plastic pollution. In this manuscript we present the use of thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) as a novel tool to undertake environmental forensics for plastics. Paired plastic samples were obtained from coastal waters and beaches in California and compared against store-bought equivalents. Samples were processed into the microplastic size range (of 1-5 mm) and analysed directly by TD-GC-MS. This research was able to identify unique potential marker features for four different polymers, showing that bulk characterisation by TD-GC-MS is possible. The chemical fingerprint was then further interrogated to show how it is possible to identify specific potential marker features that differentiate the same polymer produced by different manufacturers. This was evidenced through examples, first with biaxially-oriented PET (differentiating Mylar from PET) and then with latex (differentiating producers from the U.S.A. and China). This research demonstrates that environmental forensics for plastics is possible, and valuable diagnostic information can be gained from the chemical fingerprint. TD-GC-MS coupled with a statistically robust approach, and optionally as a complement to other techniques such as pyrolysis, offers a powerful tool for identifying the origins of pollution, allowing a more complete understanding of plastic pollution, but also enabling its effective regulation.

PMID:42201253 | DOI:10.1039/d6em00100a

Toxics. 2026 May 21;14(5):452. doi: 10.3390/toxics14050452.

ABSTRACT

Global climate change and air pollution jointly threaten respiratory health. Asthma, a prevalent chronic inflammatory airway disease, is exacerbated by both traditional air pollutants such as particulate matter (PM_2.5), ozone (O₃), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and emerging contaminants like microplastics (MPs) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), with effects amplified under extreme temperature conditions. In reality, individuals face complex combined exposures, yet the synergistic effects of these factors on asthma pathogenesis remain poorly understood. This narrative review synthesizes epidemiological and toxicological evidence. It aims to elucidate both the individual and the notably synergistic effects of these factors on asthma pathogenesis. The central mechanistic pathway is initiated by oxidative stress, which activates key inflammatory signaling pathways, thereby driving immune imbalance and airway inflammation. Our review underscores that the combined exposure to traditional pollutants, emerging pollutants, and extreme temperatures may pose a greater threat than individual factors. These findings underscore the critical need for an integrated perspective in asthma research and public health policy. Moving beyond single-pollutant approaches, we advocate for combinatorial risk assessment and synergistic intervention strategies to effectively mitigate the growing burden of asthma in a changing climate.

PMID:42198578 | PMC:PMC13211335 | DOI:10.3390/toxics14050452

J Xenobiot. 2026 May 22;16(3):92. doi: 10.3390/jox16030092.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (MPs) are emerging contaminants that have been detected in human blood and tissues, raising concerns regarding systemic exposure and potential health effects. Internal MP burden mitigation techniques, nevertheless, are yet largely unexplored. We evaluated whether oral administration of chitosan derived from Procambarus clarkii (PCC) could reduce circulating MPs in humans via gastrointestinal sequestration in this pilot-controlled study. 11 healthy adults received PCC supplementation (0.8 g/day) for 15 days, while 10 matched controls received a placebo. Using stereomicroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (µFTIR), blood MP concentrations were quantified and characterised according to size, shape, and polymer type. At baseline, MPs were found in every subject. Following PCC supplementation, mean MP concentrations decreased from 1.84 ± 0.28 µg/mL to 1.34 ± 0.20 µg/mL (-26.3%, p < 0.01, paired analysis). The control group observed no significant differences. While polymer-resolved analysis consistently indicated reductions across major polymer classes, size-resolved analysis indicated preferential reductions in intermediate particle fractions (11-50 µm). The circulating MPs' estimated mean residence time (MRT) was 58 ± 28 days. These findings provide preliminary evidence that chitosan-based gastrointestinal sequestration could potentially reduce the systemic MP burden in humans.

PMID:42201087 | PMC:PMC13214702 | DOI:10.3390/jox16030092

Toxics. 2026 May 13;14(5):429. doi: 10.3390/toxics14050429.

ABSTRACT

The prevalence of plastics in the environment raises concerns about their complex and poorly understood effects on human health. Research continues to uncover more sources of exposure and wider ranges of plastics within the body. Adverse health effects have been observed in animals, but their relevance to humans remains unclear. To address the growing need for reliable toxicity assessment resources and tools to aid in the synthesis of findings and the identification of data gaps and needs, we have developed a data visualization tool to provide streamlined access to the evaluated data on the chemical impacts of plastics on human health. The Plastics-Related Toxicology Profiles Tool uses Tableau Public to organize the extracted chemical-specific information from ATSDR Toxicological Profiles, the United Nations Environmental Program's 2023 Chemicals in Plastics Technical Report, and a literature review of relevant research in Google Scholar and PubMed. The tool organizes extracted data from 98 ATSDR Toxicological Profiles representing over 476 substances related to plastics production in 16 tabulated health outcome categories associated with plastics exposure. The chemicals are organized into four categories based on their role in plastics manufacturing. The top four health endpoints impacted by all listed substance profiles are respiratory, neurologic, hepatic, and developmental effects. More than 30% of the substance profiles affected these systems as well as other non-cancer endpoints involving the immunological, renal, and reproductive systems, as well as increased cancer risk in respiratory and hepatic systems. Most monomers negatively impact development and the respiratory system, and most metal additives affect the respiratory system. We explain how this data visualization tool combined with ATSDR's framework for assessing health impacts from multiple chemicals could be applied to identify the target organs impacted by components of the common plastic polyvinyl chloride. Hazard quotients and index show low toxicity and health risk of components in the cured product. This data provide a valuable resource for prioritizing health risk assessments. Use of this interactive tool can enhance the ability of public health professionals to navigate the expanding literature, synthesize findings, and identify future health risk assessment and research priorities.

PMID:42198555 | PMC:PMC13211555 | DOI:10.3390/toxics14050429

J Xenobiot. 2026 May 6;16(3):81. doi: 10.3390/jox16030081.

ABSTRACT

Microplastic (MP) pollution in agricultural settings is an emerging field of study, with interest focusing on potential resource contamination of soil and water due to the use of plastic materials in farming practices. The Mississippi Delta, a highly agricultural region, is prone to both natural and intentional flooding, potentially exacerbating this issue. This exploratory study investigated MP (>30 µm) concentrations, sizes, and polymer compositions in floodwater, irrigation water, and surface runoff from soybean fields across two counties in the Mississippi Delta using micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (µ-FTIR). Mean ± SE concentrations (MPs/L) were 72 ± 66 in floodwater (n = 18), 169 ± 121 in source (irrigation pond) water (n = 4), and 30 ± 37 in runoff (n = 3) in Sunflower County, MS. In Coahoma County, MS, mean ± SE runoff concentration was 88 ± 76 MPs/L (n = 24). Mean concentrations were elevated as compared to other MP studies in agricultural environments. The most common polymers present were polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene (PE), polyethylene-ethyl vinyl acetate (PE/EVA), and thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs), which are commonly used in the manufacturing of agricultural materials. MPs from the smallest size fraction measured (30-100 µm) were the most common in all floodwater samples, ranging from 75.5-91% abundance. Using Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR)-FTIR, larger plastic litter was identified as mostly PE and PET, which is consistent with polymer distributions in floodwater samples. Overall, MPs were prevalent in both floodwater and runoff, with relatively consistent concentrations and polymer compositions across samples. However, further research is needed to fully elucidate their fate and potential impacts on agricultural systems.

PMID:42201076 | PMC:PMC13214623 | DOI:10.3390/jox16030081

Toxics. 2026 May 8;14(5):407. doi: 10.3390/toxics14050407.

ABSTRACT

Microplastic (MP) pollution poses a threat to wild animals, but its toxicological impact on terrestrial passerines remains unclear. To address this gap, we conducted the first systematic study investigating how microplastic particle size and dosage jointly influence gut microbiota and multi-system physiological functions in a small terrestrial bird. Eurasian tree sparrows (Passer montanus) were exposed to polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) of two particle sizes (0.5 and 15 μm in diameter) and two dosages (100 and 500 μg/d) via oral ingestion for 21 days. After exposure, body status, peripheral blood cell profiles, organ indices, intestinal histomorphology, oxidative stress, and barrier integrity markers displayed no significant changes compared with the control group. In the gut microbiota, large PS-MP particles significantly enhanced microbial species richness and phylogenetic diversity, and their effect was more pronounced than that of small ones. Additionally, structural alterations and distinct community compositions emerged across groups. Both particle size and dosage affected gut microbial composition and taxa abundance, with particle size exhibiting a relatively stronger effect. However, the relative abundance of the top 10 dominant phyla and predicted microbial functional profiles exhibited no significant intergroup differences. In summary, short-term PS-MP exposure primarily impacts the gut microbial structure of Eurasian tree sparrows without disrupting their key physiological functions. This suggests that the birds possess a certain buffering capacity against short-term PS-MP stress, though their long-term ecological tolerance to complex, real-world MP mixtures remains to be further investigated.

PMID:42198533 | PMC:PMC13211408 | DOI:10.3390/toxics14050407

J Xenobiot. 2026 Apr 26;16(3):72. doi: 10.3390/jox16030072.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics may pose health risks, particularly for chronic lung diseases. Clarifying the link between circulating microplastics and pulmonary disease is vital for shaping research and interventions. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether microplastics in peripheral blood are associated with COPD or IPF vs. no lung disease. In this pilot prospective case-control study, participants were grouped as control (n = 10), COPD (n = 9), or IPF (n = 10). Relevant comorbidities and exposures were obtained from records and questionnaires. All underwent standardized blood collection (PlasticTox©). Samples were analyzed for total microplastic concentration, stratified by size (<10 µm, 10-30 µm, 30-70 µm). The primary outcome was to show a difference in total microplastic burden between lung disease and controls. Secondary measures were to determine size-specific concentrations and associations with demographic variables and smoking history. Among 29 participants (median age 70 (IQR 64-80); 14 women (48.3%)), COPD/IPF groups had significantly higher total microplastic concentrations vs. controls (median 26.0 vs. 3.5 particles/100 µL; p < 0.01). Particle burdens <10 µm and 10-30 µm were particularly elevated (both p < 0.01). After adjusting for smoking, only the <10 µm fraction remained independently associated with lung disease (adjusted odds ratio 1.94 (95% CI, 1.23-7.04)). In this pilot exploratory study, individuals with COPD or IPF showed greater circulating microplastic levels than controls. These findings should be interpreted as hypothesis-generating, and larger analytically validated studies are needed to clarify directionality, causal mechanisms, contamination control, and the clinical relevance of circulating microplastic burden.

PMID:42201067 | PMC:PMC13214817 | DOI:10.3390/jox16030072

Toxics. 2026 May 8;14(5):403. doi: 10.3390/toxics14050403.

ABSTRACT

Aquaculture in ponds supplied by streams or rivers requires careful evaluation of key physicochemical parameters and potential pollution threats, particularly metals and microplastics. To address these challenges, this research aims to monitor daily climatic and physicochemical parameters and quantify potentially toxic metals and microplastics in the water of 19 fishponds in the SCDP Nucet, Romania, over one winter season (i.e., December 2024 to February 2025). During this season, unique hydrochemical conditions arise, such as lower temperatures, reduced light, and decreased activity, which can affect the ecological balance and fish health. Accordingly, a total of 4650 samples were collected and analyzed in terms of physicochemical parameters (i.e., alkalinity, bicarbonate, calcium ions, magnesium ions, Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺ ratio, organic matter, nitrates, nitrites, phosphates, ammonium, total hardness, resistivity, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, salinity, turbidity, free and total chlorine), metals, and microplastics. Statistical analysis revealed the influence of winter weather on water quality, highlighting links between air and water temperatures and physicochemical parameters. Furthermore, water analyses revealed notable levels of microplastics, including fibers and fragments of various colors, shapes, and sizes. Polypropylene, polyethene, and nylon were the most prevalent. While appreciable quantities of blue, green, black, and yellow fibers were found in size ranges (0.09-0.3 mm), irregular yellow fragments or translucent particles were found in sizes less than 0.5 mm. Metal (i.e., Cr, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) concentrations do not exceed the standard values set by national and European regulations. However, it is worth noting that microplastics can amplify or mitigate metal toxicity. The results emphasize the importance of integrated monitoring of physicochemical parameters and emerging pollutants during the cold season, thereby improving understanding of the chemical processes governing water quality in fishponds, providing scientific support for future environmental risk assessment, and promoting innovative, adaptive technologies.

PMID:42198529 | PMC:PMC13211391 | DOI:10.3390/toxics14050403

Med Sci (Basel). 2026 Apr 29;14(2):221. doi: 10.3390/medsci14020221.

ABSTRACT

Cancer is a major public health challenge worldwide, with increasing incidence and a growing economic and societal burden. Despite therapeutic advances, prevention remains the most effective strategy to reduce its impact. The One Health approach, which recognizes the interconnection between human, animal, and environmental health, provides a valuable framework to address cancer risk factors in a more integrated and sustainable way. This narrative review addresses cancer through a One Health lens. Human health aspects include the global burden, major lifestyle and infectious risk factors, and key prevention strategies. Environmental determinants of cancer are summarized with emphasis on climate change, air pollution, occupational exposures, microplastics, ultraviolet radiation, and nutrition/food safety. Animal health contributions include insights from comparative oncology, which offer translational opportunities for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, and from microbiome research revealing promising biomarkers for early detection and treatment response. Integrating cancer prevention into the One Health framework is essential for addressing the complex interplay between environmental, animal, and human health. A multidisciplinary approach can enhance public health policies, promote sustainable prevention measures, and improve early detection and treatment strategies, ultimately reducing healthcare costs and advancing global health outcomes.

PMID:42201013 | PMC:PMC13214629 | DOI:10.3390/medsci14020221

Toxics. 2026 Apr 26;14(5):373. doi: 10.3390/toxics14050373.

ABSTRACT

Environmental contaminants pose threats to exposed organisms and negatively impact the nervous, cardiovascular, immune, and reproductive systems. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic chemicals that are ubiquitous in the environment. Given that mixtures of environmental contaminants have the potential to exacerbate toxicity, we reviewed the current literature on pesticides, microplastics, or metal exposure in combination with PFAS on aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates. The objectives were to evaluate the toxicological effects of mixtures of the selected contaminants with PFAS on aquatic organisms to better understand biological responses in animals. Based on our review, data suggest that PFAS can modify the toxicity of co-occurring pollutants. For example, synergistic effects on toxicity include chlorpyrifos + perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), which increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulated neurotoxicity-related genes in zebrafish, and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) + atrazine, which increased the presence of malformations and oxidative stress. However, antagonistic interactions were also observed, for example, reduced herbicide toxicity in PFOA + 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) mixtures. PFAS combined with microplastics often intensified oxidative stress and developmental or reproductive effects, though polyethylene microplastics attenuated perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS)-induced immunotoxicity in fish like seabass. Interactions with metals also varied, with copper and cadmium enhancing oxidative stress while mercury mixtures with PFAS showed antagonism, underscoring the complexity of mixture effects in real environments. A computational approach demonstrated that PFOS can engage in intermolecular interactions with pesticides, microplastic monomers, and metals, suggesting chemical-level effects that could modify toxicity or bioavailability. Future studies should focus on elucidating the mechanisms underlying these complex interactions, investigating effects at different trophic levels and in a broader range of species, and should consider environmentally relevant mixtures.

PMID:42198499 | PMC:PMC13211294 | DOI:10.3390/toxics14050373

Anesthesiology. 2026 May 27. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000006048. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Plastic enables anesthesiology through packaging, syringes, tubing, catheters, endotracheal tubes, and ventilator circuits. Created inexpensively from fossil fuels, plastic is easily sterilized and allows healthcare providers to reliably deliver life-saving therapies. However, a growing body of evidence demonstrates that small, often invisible plastic particles are accumulating in human bodies, with potentially serious health consequences. The perioperative period introduces plastics through two primary exposure routes, intravenous and inhalational, that bypass patients' natural toxin defense mechanisms. Moreover, this occurs during surgery, when there are often intense physiologic stressors. Anesthesia providers also face chronic inhalational plastic exposure in the operating room via masks and ambient plastic particles. Although evidence of direct adverse effects from microplastics on human health is limited, associations with disease are emerging while animal studies have shown harm. There are also indirect implications for human health and well-being of breaching the novel entities (which include plastics) planetary boundary. It therefore falls upon all of us to advocate for both more information and safer alternatives-for the health of both patients and providers.

PMID:42200547 | DOI:10.1097/ALN.0000000000006048

Toxics. 2026 Apr 23;14(5):354. doi: 10.3390/toxics14050354.

ABSTRACT

Micro/nanoplastics (MNPs) are emerging contaminants of concern for maternal and fetal health, yet their effects on the maternal-fetal circulation and serum metabolic homeostasis remain unclear. Here, we investigated the maternal and offspring toxicity of polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) and serum metabolomic alterations in dams and offspring. PS-MPs accumulated in multiple tissues, including blood, indicating maternal-to-offspring transfer. Continuous exposure reduced litter size, induced hepatic oxidative stress, and increased IL-6 and TNF-α levels in a dose-dependent manner in both dams and offspring. In dams, PS-MPs also decreased red blood cell and platelet counts and altered leukocyte composition, with increased lymphocyte and decreased neutrophil percentages at the high dose. Untargeted serum metabolomics revealed distinct exposure-related metabolic profiles, including 18 putatively annotated signature metabolites and 26 differentially abundant metabolites. Bilirubin and presqualene diphosphate were exclusively detected in exposed animals, whereas metabolites associated with lipid oxidation and mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation were elevated after exposure. RT-qPCR further supported altered expression of genes involved in these pathways. Overall, PS-MPs disrupted hematological homeostasis and metabolic regulation, likely through hepatic lipid peroxidation and systemic inflammation, and serum bilirubin and presqualene diphosphate may serve as candidate biomarkers of exposure.

PMID:42198480 | PMC:PMC13211503 | DOI:10.3390/toxics14050354

Toxics. 2026 May 21;14(5):452. doi: 10.3390/toxics14050452.

ABSTRACT

Global climate change and air pollution jointly threaten respiratory health. Asthma, a prevalent chronic inflammatory airway disease, is exacerbated by both traditional air pollutants such as particulate matter (PM_2.5), ozone (O₃), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and emerging contaminants like microplastics (MPs) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), with effects amplified under extreme temperature conditions. In reality, individuals face complex combined exposures, yet the synergistic effects of these factors on asthma pathogenesis remain poorly understood. This narrative review synthesizes epidemiological and toxicological evidence. It aims to elucidate both the individual and the notably synergistic effects of these factors on asthma pathogenesis. The central mechanistic pathway is initiated by oxidative stress, which activates key inflammatory signaling pathways, thereby driving immune imbalance and airway inflammation. Our review underscores that the combined exposure to traditional pollutants, emerging pollutants, and extreme temperatures may pose a greater threat than individual factors. These findings underscore the critical need for an integrated perspective in asthma research and public health policy. Moving beyond single-pollutant approaches, we advocate for combinatorial risk assessment and synergistic intervention strategies to effectively mitigate the growing burden of asthma in a changing climate.

PMID:42198578 | PMC:PMC13211335 | DOI:10.3390/toxics14050452

Microorganisms. 2026 Apr 30;14(5):1014. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms14051014.

ABSTRACT

Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) have now been detected in human blood, placenta, and arterial tissue, yet the oral cavity has received strikingly little mechanistic attention despite serving as a primary portal of environmental exposure and a local site of polymer generation from dental and oral-care materials. This narrative review addresses that gap from an environmental microbiology perspective, synthesizing recent literature on periodontal disease, chronic low-grade inflammation, oral biofilms, dental materials, microbial-plastic interactions, and systemic chronic disease risk. Unlike prior reviews, we apply an explicit three-tier evidentiary framework (established, plausible, unproven) that distinguishes what is directly demonstrated from what is biologically plausible but unproven, and we situate the periodontal environment specifically as a particle-retention and inflammatory-amplification niche. The strongest direct oral evidence shows that human dental calculus harbors at least 26 microplastic types, dominated by polyamide (41.4%), polyethylene (32.7%), and polyurethane (7.0%). Polyethylene isolated from calculus induces cytotoxicity, apoptosis, impaired migration, NF-κB activation, and upregulation of IL-1β and IL-6 in human gingival fibroblasts. From a microbiological standpoint, oral organisms actively degrade methacrylate dental polymers, and the degradation products of these polymers reciprocally modulate oral bacterial virulence gene expression. Across experimental systems, MNPs activate oxidative stress, inflammasome signaling, macrophage polarization, and barrier dysfunction, pathways that overlap extensively with periodontal pathobiology. Adjacent environmental microbiology demonstrates that plastic-associated biofilms enhance extracellular polymeric substance production, quorum sensing, pathogen persistence, and antibiotic resistance gene transfer, supporting a plausible but not yet validated oral plastisphere within plaque and calculus. We argue that periodontitis should be reconceptualized as a chronically inflamed particle-processing interface that may increase local MNP retention, cellular reactivity, and systemic inflammatory spillover, with implications for cardiovascular, metabolic, and other chronic disease risk pathways. Current evidence does not yet prove that environmental MNP exposure causes human periodontitis, and that evidentiary boundary is maintained throughout. A priority research agenda is proposed, centered on contamination-controlled subgingival biomonitoring stratified by periodontal status, spatially resolved multi-species biofilm models, polymer source attribution, and longitudinal clinical studies linking oral plastic burden to inflammatory and systemic outcomes.

PMID:42197399 | PMC:PMC13209545 | DOI:10.3390/microorganisms14051014

Toxics. 2026 Apr 26;14(5):373. doi: 10.3390/toxics14050373.

ABSTRACT

Environmental contaminants pose threats to exposed organisms and negatively impact the nervous, cardiovascular, immune, and reproductive systems. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic chemicals that are ubiquitous in the environment. Given that mixtures of environmental contaminants have the potential to exacerbate toxicity, we reviewed the current literature on pesticides, microplastics, or metal exposure in combination with PFAS on aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates. The objectives were to evaluate the toxicological effects of mixtures of the selected contaminants with PFAS on aquatic organisms to better understand biological responses in animals. Based on our review, data suggest that PFAS can modify the toxicity of co-occurring pollutants. For example, synergistic effects on toxicity include chlorpyrifos + perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), which increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulated neurotoxicity-related genes in zebrafish, and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) + atrazine, which increased the presence of malformations and oxidative stress. However, antagonistic interactions were also observed, for example, reduced herbicide toxicity in PFOA + 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) mixtures. PFAS combined with microplastics often intensified oxidative stress and developmental or reproductive effects, though polyethylene microplastics attenuated perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS)-induced immunotoxicity in fish like seabass. Interactions with metals also varied, with copper and cadmium enhancing oxidative stress while mercury mixtures with PFAS showed antagonism, underscoring the complexity of mixture effects in real environments. A computational approach demonstrated that PFOS can engage in intermolecular interactions with pesticides, microplastic monomers, and metals, suggesting chemical-level effects that could modify toxicity or bioavailability. Future studies should focus on elucidating the mechanisms underlying these complex interactions, investigating effects at different trophic levels and in a broader range of species, and should consider environmentally relevant mixtures.

PMID:42198499 | PMC:PMC13211294 | DOI:10.3390/toxics14050373

Molecules. 2026 May 20;31(10):1748. doi: 10.3390/molecules31101748.

ABSTRACT

Conventional wastewater treatment systems cannot effectively eliminate micropollutants such as contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). These compounds, even at trace levels, are persistent or pseudo-persistent, bioaccumulative, and potentially harmful to ecosystems and human health. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), based on the in situ generation of highly reactive oxygen species, have emerged as promising solutions. Peroxyacetic acid (PAA) has gained attention due to its strong oxidizing capacity, broad antimicrobial activity, environmentally benign by-products, and compatibility with different activation methods. This review provides an updated and integrated synthesis of recent advances in PAA-based AOPs for the degradation of major CEC groups, including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, pesticides, and industrial chemicals, as well as for the oxidative modification of microplastics (MPs). The review discusses several strategies for PAA activation and critically discusses removal efficiency, underlying mechanisms, and current limitations, emphasizing the gap between pollutant transformation and complete mineralization. Furthermore, the article highlights a key research need, which is the assessment of the toxicity of transformation products and their validation under realistic conditions. Overall, this review provides insight into the potential and challenges of PAA-based AOPs for sustainable water treatment.

PMID:42197304 | PMC:PMC13209452 | DOI:10.3390/molecules31101748

Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2026 Apr 27;23(5):563. doi: 10.3390/ijerph23050563.

ABSTRACT

Wastewater is a complex and dynamic issue, particularly at the human-animal-environment interface, bearing biological and chemical hazards that may serve as a resource for transmission pathways for pathogens, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants, heavy metals, pharmaceutical residues, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and microplastics. Rising global health issues necessitate effective wastewater treatment and advanced research to support risk-informed circular management within a one health framework, incorporating wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), multi-omics approaches, nanobiotechnology, and green technologies. Inadequate wastewater treatment and uncontrolled discharge result in the generation of more than 380 billion cubic meters of wastewater annually worldwide, contributing to ecological degradation, the spread of AMR, and long-term toxicological risks. Despite significant advances in wastewater treatment, several challenges remain, including complex contaminant mixtures, limited detection and monitoring technologies, variable treatment efficiency, and weak regulatory and governance frameworks. This review highlights key wastewater treatment issues and presents recent advances in WBE and multi-omics approaches, such as metagenomics, resistome profiling, virome analysis, and chemical fingerprinting for contaminant monitoring and public health risk assessment. This review also examines circular reuse strategies focused on water reclamation, nutrient recovery, bioenergy production, and resource recovery, with particular emphasis on nature-based systems, hybrid biological-physicochemical treatment platforms, and green nanobiotechnology as promising approaches to improve treatment performance while minimizing environmental impacts. In conclusion, this review highlights the importance of integrated and sustainable wastewater management approaches within the One Health framework to address emerging challenges and promote environmental resilience, public health protection, and circular resource recovery.

PMID:42196657 | PMC:PMC13206708 | DOI:10.3390/ijerph23050563

Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2026 May 19;23(5):672. doi: 10.3390/ijerph23050672.

ABSTRACT

Background: Micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs) are pervasive environmental contaminants that accumulate in various tissues, including the placenta. Experimental and clinical studies suggest potential cytotoxic, oxidative, and inflammatory effects that may lead to placental dysfunction and adverse obstetric outcomes. However, high-quality evidence on the clinical relevance of MNPs exposure during pregnancy remains scarce, underscoring the need for systematic evaluation of their impact on maternal and fetal health. Methods: The databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, CENTRAL, Embase, MDPI and Google Scholar were searched for studies published up to September 2025 investigating the relationship between MNPs and obstetric outcomes. Results: Twelve studies were included in this review, with half employing an observational design in human subjects and the other half using experimental studies in murine models. Although the available evidence is limited, there are studies reporting the association between MNPs exposure and premature birth, low birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction, and miscarriage. The most prevalent polymer detected was polyethylene, and the most commonly used MNPs detection techniques were Raman microspectroscopy, digital microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, and Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Conclusions: This systematic review summarizes current limited insights on the potential effects of MNPs on obstetric outcomes, highlighting possible associations with low gestational age, low birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction, and miscarriage. Findings do not allow causal inference due to heterogeneity in study design, exposure assessment, contamination control, and analytical methodologies.

PMID:42196763 | PMC:PMC13205977 | DOI:10.3390/ijerph23050672

Open Respir Arch. 2026 Apr 28;8(3):100629. doi: 10.1016/j.opresp.2026.100629. eCollection 2026 Jul-Sep.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:42199457 | PMC:PMC13199669 | DOI:10.1016/j.opresp.2026.100629

Materials (Basel). 2026 May 14;19(10):2045. doi: 10.3390/ma19102045.

ABSTRACT

The rapid expansion of the takeaway food industry has led to the widespread use of disposable gloves as food-contact materials, which may release microplastics (MPs) during use, posing potential risks to human health and the environment. This study investigated the release of MPs from three common types of disposable food-handling gloves-polyethylene (PE), thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), and polylactic acid (PLA)-into water and edible oil as food simulants. The results indicated that the oil-containing system significantly promoted the release of MPs, with release levels generally 2 to 3 times higher than those in the water environment. Among the materials, PE gloves released the highest amount of MPs in oil, reaching 3183.33 ± 500.83 items/m², while TPE gloves released the lowest amount in water, only 183.33 ± 28.87 items/m². Morphologically, the released MPs were predominantly fibrous, with a notable presence of granular MPs from PE gloves in the oil environment. Surface characterization by Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy provided additional observations that were broadly consistent with the release patterns. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of material selection and usage conditions in mitigating MP contamination from disposable food-handling gloves.

PMID:42195685 | PMC:PMC13208661 | DOI:10.3390/ma19102045

Eur J Orthod. 2026 Apr 3;48(3):cjag001. doi: 10.1093/ejo/cjag001.

ABSTRACT

AIM: This study investigated the acute biological effects of micro- and nanoplastics (MPs/NPs) released from 3D-printed orthodontic aligners, focusing on their potential to elicit inflammatory and oxidative responses. Given the dynamic intraoral environment, the use of a biologically relevant invertebrate model (Hirudo verbana) enabled histological and molecular assessment of short-term exposure to plastic-derived particles.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: MPs/NPs were generated from 3D-printed aligner samples via mechanical stress and ultrasonication. Medicinal leeches were exposed to the resulting plastic dispersion for 24, 72 h, and 1 week (triplicate experiments). Morphological alterations were assessed by light and electron microscopy. CD31 and HmAIF-1 immunostaining and acid phosphatase assays evaluated immunological responses. Oxidative stress was quantified by quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis of SOD and GST gene expression. One-way ANOVA with Dunnett's post hoc test comparing MP/NP-treated vs controls (α = 0.05).

RESULTS: Exposure to MPs/NPs triggered rapid angiogenesis, confirmed by increased CD31 expression and vascular remodelling over time (24 h, P < .01; 72 h, P < .001; 1 week, P < .01). Macrophage-like cell activation was significantly evidenced by elevated HmAIF-1 levels (24 h, P < .001; 72 h, P < .01; 1-week, P < .001) and acid phosphatase activity (24 h, P < .001; 72 h, P < .01; 1-week, P < .001). Oxidative-stress markers (SOD and GST) were significantly upregulated at 24 h (P < .001) and, for glutathione transferase only, slightly increased at 72 h (P < .05), indicating an acute cellular stress response that decreased at later time points.

CONCLUSIONS: Even brief exposure to MPs/NPs released from 3D-printed aligners can disrupt tissue homeostasis, activating inflammatory and oxidative pathways. These findings raise concerns about the biocompatibility of photopolymer resins and underscore the need for more dynamic, biologically relevant testing models to evaluate the safety of orthodontic materials under clinically realistic conditions.

PMID:42199088 | PMC:PMC13213083 | DOI:10.1093/ejo/cjag001

Life (Basel). 2026 Apr 30;16(5):746. doi: 10.3390/life16050746.

ABSTRACT

Background: Microplastics (MPs) have rapidly emerged as pervasive environmental contaminants with growing implications for human health. Evidence now shows that MP exposure may begin during pregnancy and extend into infancy. Foetal exposure to MP raises questions about MP presence within reproductive organs, maternal-foetal MP transfer and the potential impact of MP on women's reproductive health. Objectives: To synthesise current evidence on the presence and distribution of microplastics in the female reproductive system and pregnancy-related organs. Methods: A systematic review of literature was conducted using Embase and Medline databases, supplemented by reference screening and manual searches. Studies were eligible if they examined MP in human female reproductive organs or pregnancy-related tissues and were published in English. Results: Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. Across studies, MP detection varied substantially due to differences in sampling protocols, analytical techniques, and particle size detection thresholds. Cross-contamination and analytical method variability remained major methodological concerns. MP were consistently identified in follicular fluid, placental tissue, amniotic fluid, cord blood, and meconium. Conclusions: The presence of MP in both maternal and foetal compartments supports the possibility of in utero maternal-foetal MP transfer. A standardised protocol should be used to assess MP presence and MP's impact on organs and tissues. The current variability of diagnostic tests, the lack of cofounding variables control and the reduced sample sizes limit the ability to determine how clinically relevant MP exposure is during pregnancy and to women's reproductive health.

PMID:42195302 | PMC:PMC13208567 | DOI:10.3390/life16050746

Environ Monit Assess. 2026 May 27;198(6):662. doi: 10.1007/s10661-026-15522-8.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (MPs) are emerging contaminants of increasing environmental concern, and their detection in terrestrial organisms is essential for evaluating their impact, exposure and dynamics within ecosystems. Although insects represent a biologically relevant group for environmental monitoring and for estimating potential trophic transfer routes to humans, no standardized method currently exists for identifying MPs in these organisms. We have developed a detection protocol using edible grasshoppers (Sphenarium purpurascens) as study subjects. This combines Nile red (NR) and calcofluor white (CW) staining to distinguish added MPs from residual biological material (chitin). When NR was applied at 0.01 mg/mL, it successfully stained high-density polyethylene (HDPE), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), expanded polystyrene (EPS), and polypropylene (PP), exhibiting polymer-dependent green or red fluorescence. A low NR concentration (0.01 mg/mL) was sufficient to ensure reliable visibility of the added MPs, while CW selectively stained chitin, emitting blue fluorescence under ultraviolet light. Counterstaining with both dyes provided a clear separation between MPs and biological structures, minimizing false positives. Furthermore, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the chemical composition of the added MPs (PP, EPS, ABS), complementing the limitations of NR staining. Thus, our NR-CW counterstaining protocol proved effective even for particles < 50 μm, and is cost-effective, simple to implement, and suitable for environmental studies involving organisms with chitin structures. Furthermore, it provides a reproducible tool suitable for estimating exposure and evaluating risks associated with MPs in terrestrial ecosystems.

PMID:42203998 | PMC:PMC13216094 | DOI:10.1007/s10661-026-15522-8

Commun Med (Lond). 2026 May 27;6(1):311. doi: 10.1038/s43856-026-01675-7.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) are environmental contaminants increasingly detected in human tissues, raising public health concerns. Although evidence is still insufficient to directly link MNPs to genitourinary cancers (GU), this Review examines their potential role in prostate, bladder, and renal cell carcinoma. Proposed mechanisms include chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and endocrine disruption driven by plastic-associated additives. Emerging studies report quantitative detection of MNPs within human prostate and bladder tumors, with higher burdens associated with dietary habits such as frequent take-out food consumption. The Review also highlights their role in cancer therapy: MNPs may alter antineoplastic drug pharmacokinetics and promote resistance, yet polymer-based nanoparticles can be engineered as advanced drug delivery platforms. Materials such as PLGA and PEG may improve targeted delivery of chemotherapies and immunotherapies, supporting more effective and personalized treatment strategies in GU oncology.

PMID:42203887 | PMC:PMC13216587 | DOI:10.1038/s43856-026-01675-7

Korean J Orthod. 2026 May 25;56(3):183-186. doi: 10.4041/kjod56.3E.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:42191570 | PMC:PMC13213250 | DOI:10.4041/kjod56.3E

Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2026 May 8;47(5):3434-3444. doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202504128.

ABSTRACT

Soil microplastic contamination is an increasingly serious global environmental challenge with significant implications for soil health, ecosystem functioning, and potential human health risks. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of soil microplastic pollution across different geographic regions. Data were synthesized from 94 published studies, encompassing 1 629 sampling sites collected between 2008 and 2022. The analysis revealed marked regional differences in microplastic abundance. Soils in China exhibited the highest pollution levels (mean: 3 486.0 items·kg^-1), followed by EU countries (mean: 2 334.7 items·kg^-1), while North America showed relatively lower concentrations (mean: 443.5 items·kg^-1). Temporal trends indicated a significant increase in soil microplastic contamination since 2015, coinciding with the rapid global growth in plastic production, which surpassed 350 million tons annually. Land use assessments showed that forest and unused lands contained significantly higher concentrations of microplastics compared to agricultural and urban soils. This suggests complex pollution pathways that extend beyond direct human activities. Correlation analysis and XGBoost modeling identified agricultural and industrial activities as the primary drivers of soil microplastic accumulation, surpassing factors such as population density or general economic indicators in explanatory power. The study further underscores the critical importance of standardized detection methods, as analytical techniques significantly influence the reported levels of contamination. These findings offer essential insights for the development of targeted mitigation strategies and policy frameworks to address the escalating issue of soil microplastic pollution, highlighting the need for an integrated approach that simultaneously addresses economic development and environmental protection goals.

PMID:42191626 | DOI:10.13227/j.hjkx.202504128

Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2026 May 8;47(5):3445-3456. doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202504174.

ABSTRACT

Marine microplastic pollution has become one of the global ecological and environmental issues, posing potential threats to marine ecosystems, marine organisms, and human health. Microplastics not only destroy the habitats of marine organisms but may also introduce invasive species, disrupt biodiversity, and impact human health through food chain transmission and bioaccumulation. In addition, microorganisms can colonize the surface of microplastics to form biofilms and act as vectors for the long-distance transport of antibiotic resistance genes, pathogens, and other pollutants, thereby further aggravating the environmental risks of microplastics. This paper reviews the environmental processes such as pollution sources, distribution characteristics, migration, and transport of microplastics in the marine environment, as well as their influencing factors. It analyzes and discusses the potential impacts and ecological risks of microplastics on marine ecosystems and marine organisms. Additionally, it integrates the research progress on the degradation of microplastics by microbial communities and the ecological risks associated with the intermediate products of degradation. At present, the research on the microbial degradation of marine microplastics is not comprehensive. In the future, it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring and tracing of microplastics, deeply explore the microbial degradation mechanisms and application potentials, and provide a theoretical basis for the management and governance of marine ecosystems in China.

PMID:42191627 | DOI:10.13227/j.hjkx.202504174

Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2026 May 8;47(5):3457-3465. doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202504049.

ABSTRACT

Microplastic pollution has emerged as a critical global environmental issue, affecting diverse environmental media, including water, soil, and the atmosphere. To mitigate microplastic pollution, source identification and control are crucial. However, existing traceability techniques lack comprehensive applicability analyses across different environmental media, and studies focusing on single-medium traceability remain insufficient. Therefore, this study reviews and evaluates seven existing microplastic traceability methods and analyzes their applicability in water, soil, and atmospheric environments. Among these, the source sampling method (SSM) is suitable for water and atmospheric studies, the hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory model (HYSPLIT) is specifically designed for atmospheric research, and the semi-implicit cross-scale hydroscience integrated system model (SCHISM) is primarily applied to microplastic source tracing in aquatic environments. The microplastic occurrence characteristics tracing method (MOC), positive matrix factorization model (PMF), conditional fragmentation model (CFM), and surface contaminants method (SCM) demonstrate applicability across water, soil, and atmospheric media. Although soil microplastics originate from diverse sources, organic fertilizers have been identified as a major contributor. However, the origin of microplastics in organic fertilizers remains unclear, hindering accurate soil microplastic traceability. By synthesizing these methods, it is found that MOC and PMF can be used for the traceability of microplastics in organic fertilizers, providing crucial insights for source control of soil microplastic pollution. This study provides a methodological framework for microplastic traceability across different media and supports comprehensive microplastic pollution prevention strategies.

PMID:42191628 | DOI:10.13227/j.hjkx.202504049

Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2026 May 8;47(5):3466-3476. doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202504038.

ABSTRACT

The paddy-wheat rotation system is a key grain production model in China, playing a vital role in ensuring national food security. However, due to high nitrogen (N) inputs, it has become a major source of agricultural N₂O productions. Agricultural practices such as plastic film mulching, organic fertilizer application, and sewage irrigation have exacerbated microplastic pollution in croplands. Microplastics in soil can alter physicochemical properties and microbial processes, thereby affecting N₂O productions. However, the mechanisms by which microplastic pollution influences N₂O productions in paddy-wheat rotation systems remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of inputs of conventional petroleum-based polyethylene (PE) and fully biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) microplastics on soil physicochemical properties, nitrification-denitrification rates, N₂O productions, and their production pathways in typical paddy-wheat rotation soils of a subtropical hilly region. The results showed that microplastic treatments significantly altered soil properties and nitrogen transformation processes. During incubation, soil pH decreased, while concentrations of ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N) increased. Soil organic matter (SOM) significantly increased under 5% PE/PLA treatments, with PLA exerting a stronger influence on soil parameters than PE. Soil potential nitrification rate (PNR) increased, while potential denitrification rate (PDR) showed a decreasing trend, with PLA having a more pronounced effect. N₂O productions exhibited a rise-and-fall pattern, with emissions under PE significantly higher than the control (CK) during days 15-30 (P&lt;0.05). At the same concentration, PLA induced higher N₂O productions than PE (P&lt;0.05). Heterotrophic denitrification was the dominant N₂O source (64.5%-76.5%), while 1% PE enhanced autotrophic nitrification. Regarding functional genes, 1% PE significantly increased the abundance of amoA-AOA, whereas PLA suppressed its expression during days 15-31. Both 1% and 2.5% PE/PLA treatments reduced the abundance of amoA-AOB, while nirK and nirS abundances were generally higher under PLA than PE treatments. Partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) revealed that denitrification genes, soil properties, and PDR had significant effects on N₂O productions, collectively explaining 77% of the variation in N₂O productions. Overall, PLA microplastics enhanced denitrification processes more strongly than PE, resulting in greater N₂O productions from the soil.

PMID:42191629 | DOI:10.13227/j.hjkx.202504038

Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2026 May 8;47(5):3477-3487. doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202503076.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (MPs), as contaminants in the soil environment, have been widely detected in agricultural soils, yet their impacts on plant and soil health remain unclear. This study investigated the impact of six different microplastic types (PE, PPC, PBS, PLA, PHA, and PCL) with three addition amounts (1%, 1.5%, and 2%) on cucumber seedling growth, soil chemical properties, and soil available nutrients. Our results indicated that the inhibitory effect on fresh and dry weight of cucumber seedlings treated with 2% PCL was the strongest, which was 84.52% and 85.40% lower than that of the control, respectively (P&lt;0.05). The PCL significantly (P&lt;0.05) reduced the length, total surface area, volume, and diameter of the roots in cucumber seedlings as compared with the control at almost all addition amounts. The 2% PCL treatment exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on chlorophyll content, reducing chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll content by 86.61% and 82.64%, respectively. The soil pH showed an increase with PPC, PBS, and PCL, and the soil EC was significantly (P&lt;0.05) lowered at 2% addition compared with that in the control. Moreover, the 2% PCL caused significant reduction in soil NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^--N, and available potassium by 44.81%, 60.23%, and 52.17%, respectively, while the 1% and 1.5% microplastic treatments resulted in elevated phosphorous content (P&lt;0.05). In conclusion, biodegradable MPs could reduce cucumber seedling growth by affecting the soil and nutrient status, and the negative impact of 2% PCL MPs on cucumber seedling growth and soil nutrients was most significant. The findings of this study lay the groundwork for the prevention and control of microplastic pollution and impacts on plant health.

PMID:42191630 | DOI:10.13227/j.hjkx.202503076