Microplastics

Front Toxicol. 2025 Mar 17;7:1494220. doi: 10.3389/ftox.2025.1494220. eCollection 2025.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: With the continuous increase of plastics production, it is imperative to carefully examine their environmental profile through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). However, current LCA modeling is not considering the potential impacts of plastic emissions on the biosphere. To integrate plastic emissions into LCA, characterization factors are needed that commonly consist of three elements: a fate factor, an exposure factor, and an effect factor. In this context, fate factors quantify the distribution and longevity of plastics in the environment. Research on these fate factors is still limited, especially for biodegradable polymers. Hence, the main objective of this research was to determine the fate factors of biodegradable polymers [poly (lactic acid), poly (butylene succinate), and poly (ε-caprolactam)] based on primary experimental data for the marine environment.

METHODS: The validity of former research is tested by comparing the degradation evolution of i. macro- and microplastic particles, ii. two different grades of the polymer, and iii. different temperature levels. The degradation data are obtained by monitoring the oxygen consumption over a period of six months in natural seawater. The determined degradation rates are combined with sedimentation, resuspension, and deep burial rates to obtain fate factors. These fate factors are used to develop polymer-specific characterization factors. The resulting characterization factors are tested in an LCA case study of a synthetic sports shirt made from biodegradable polymer fibers. It allows to assess the relative importance of microplastic impacts compared to other life cycle impacts.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Comparing the resulting specific surface degradation rates indicates that microplastic degradation rates could be overestimated when using macroplastic degradation data. Pertaining to the case study, the results show that the impact on ecosystem quality by microplastic emissions could account for up to 30% of the total endpoint category. Overall, this work aims to foster interdisciplinary collaboration to leverage the accuracy of LCA studies and thus provide guidance for novel material development.

PMID:40177402 | PMC:PMC11962433 | DOI:10.3389/ftox.2025.1494220

Environ Sci Technol. 2025 Apr 3. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.4c14715. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Plastics used in daily life are often colored for esthetic and functional purposes. Nevertheless, little is known about the photochemical activity of colored microplastics and the associated risks that are ubiquitous in the environment. In this study, we report the strong photochemical activity of microplastics colored with cadmium pigments. These colored microplastics can be excited by photons within the solar spectrum (<514 nm), readily generating •OH, O₂^•-, and H₂O₂. Consequently, they can effectively degrade 17β-estradiol, achieving >91% degradation within 23 h under simulated solar exposure. Among microplastics colored with different cadmium pigments, those with a cadmium pigment S/Se ratio of 2:5 exhibited the highest photoactivity. This is attributed to the narrow band gap, fast charge separation, and efficient charge transfer of the microplastics, as suggested by the energy band, photocurrent, and electrochemical impedance results. Meanwhile, hazardous Cd²⁺ was leached from colored microplastics mainly owing to the oxidation of pigment lattices by photogenerated holes. Our results reveal that microplastics colored with photoactive inorganic pigments behave drastically differently from uncolored counterparts. This highlights the importance of considering pigments as a critical factor for better assessing the environmental fate and risks of colored microplastics and plastic products.

PMID:40176754 | DOI:10.1021/acs.est.4c14715

Front Toxicol. 2025 Mar 17;7:1494220. doi: 10.3389/ftox.2025.1494220. eCollection 2025.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: With the continuous increase of plastics production, it is imperative to carefully examine their environmental profile through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). However, current LCA modeling is not considering the potential impacts of plastic emissions on the biosphere. To integrate plastic emissions into LCA, characterization factors are needed that commonly consist of three elements: a fate factor, an exposure factor, and an effect factor. In this context, fate factors quantify the distribution and longevity of plastics in the environment. Research on these fate factors is still limited, especially for biodegradable polymers. Hence, the main objective of this research was to determine the fate factors of biodegradable polymers [poly (lactic acid), poly (butylene succinate), and poly (ε-caprolactam)] based on primary experimental data for the marine environment.

METHODS: The validity of former research is tested by comparing the degradation evolution of i. macro- and microplastic particles, ii. two different grades of the polymer, and iii. different temperature levels. The degradation data are obtained by monitoring the oxygen consumption over a period of six months in natural seawater. The determined degradation rates are combined with sedimentation, resuspension, and deep burial rates to obtain fate factors. These fate factors are used to develop polymer-specific characterization factors. The resulting characterization factors are tested in an LCA case study of a synthetic sports shirt made from biodegradable polymer fibers. It allows to assess the relative importance of microplastic impacts compared to other life cycle impacts.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Comparing the resulting specific surface degradation rates indicates that microplastic degradation rates could be overestimated when using macroplastic degradation data. Pertaining to the case study, the results show that the impact on ecosystem quality by microplastic emissions could account for up to 30% of the total endpoint category. Overall, this work aims to foster interdisciplinary collaboration to leverage the accuracy of LCA studies and thus provide guidance for novel material development.

PMID:40177402 | PMC:PMC11962433 | DOI:10.3389/ftox.2025.1494220

Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Apr 3:e2501053. doi: 10.1002/advs.202501053. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Uncontrolled degradation of wound dressings may result in residues, causing several negative effects on wound healing, such as secondary damage, undesirable inflammation, and scar skin formation. Here, an available strategy associated with the synthesis of enzyme-loaded (Burkholderia cepacia lipase, BCL) polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofiber scaffolds, aligning with wound healing effects is reported. These scaffolds are fabricated via fiber microfluidic electrospinning degradation-control technique. The obtained scaffolds exhibit tunable degradation rates, achieving complete degradation within 12-72-h cycles. The acidic degradation products are further elucidated and reveal the potential degradation mechanism. The acidic degradation products create an optimal microenvironment during the hemostasis and inflammation stages of wound healing. Notably, in vivo experiments demonstrate the enzyme-loaded scaffolds effectively promote angiogenesis, reduce inflammatory responses, mitigate collagen deposition, and regulate fibroblast differentiation. This promotes rapid wound healing with a remarkable scarless rate of over 99% by day 21. New guidelines for scar-free healing dressings are proposed, which carry out faster degradation without microplastics (MPs) and toxic byproducts before scar formation. These principles might provide valuable insights and promise for developing more effective wound dressings.

PMID:40178018 | DOI:10.1002/advs.202501053

PLoS One. 2025 Apr 2;20(4):e0320694. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0320694. eCollection 2025.

ABSTRACT

The present study aimed to detect microplastics in feline placentas and fetuses in the early stage of pregnancy. For this study, 8 pregnant queens were evaluated. A standardized protocol for the digestion of biological matter was used, as well as a plastic-free approach for sample collection and manipulation. Microplastics were investigated by means of Raman spectroscopy, with the aim of identifying their composition. Four of eight animals were contaminated, with a total of 19 microplastics detected in both fetal and placental samples. Specifically, fetuses from cats 4 and 7 were contaminated, as were the placentas from cats 5, 6, and 7. This work demonstrates that microplastics can accumulate in feline placentas even at the early stage of pregnancy. Moreover, preliminary results of the presence of microplastics in feline fetuses are shown, suggesting that microplastics can cross the placental barrier.

PMID:40173154 | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0320694

Mar Pollut Bull. 2025 Apr 1;215:117893. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.117893. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Marine mammals are important bioindicators for pollution such as microplastics and ecosystem health. This study is the first to report the presence of fibers and microplastics (hard fragments, foams, films, tire pieces, and knots) in gray seal (Halichoerus grypus atlantica) scat from Nantucket Island in the Northwest Atlantic. Microplastics and fibers (MPF) were found in 100 % of the scat (n = 19) with an average of 34 ± 23 MPF/scat. Differences in the amount, size, and type of microplastics and fibers present in the scat were observed. July scat contained the highest abundance of fibers and microplastics compared to the November and January scat. July scat also contained more microplastics >500 μm compared to November and January samples. November samples were dominated by microplastics <500 μm. In the samples, 32-24 % of the fibers and particles were synthetic and 68-76 % were cellulose-based (e.g. cellulose acetate, cotton). Polyester and nylon were always the dominant synthetic polymers observed. However, changes in polystyrene, polypropylene, and polyethylene along with unique polymers occurred between sampling times. Changes in the amount, size, and composition of the microplastics and fibers could potentially be due to changes in diet or seasonal changes in plastic inputs and passage through the food web. These changes in the amount and type of plastics and fibers could impact the health of all seal age classes indicating the need for more understanding of how microplastics and fibers change throughout the year and how they move through food webs.

PMID:40174431 | DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.117893

Water Res. 2025 Mar 28;281:123568. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2025.123568. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The high loads of heterogeneous microplastics (MPs) in water system sparked the exploration of MPs source and impact in the environment. However, the contributions of driving factors to MPs contamination and the potential risks posed by multidimensional characteristics are still poorly understood. By incorporating in situ investigation with machine learning predictions, this study reported widespread MPs contamination in both textile upstream and receiving watershed in the Yangtze River Delta. The dominant MPs categories were fibers (0.1-0.5 mm in size), transparent in color, and composed of polyethylene terephthalate. These morphological characteristics indicated a conditional fragmentation process, suggesting that larger MPs are more prone to fragmentation. Multivariable analysis revealed significant correlations between MPs occurrence and factors of metal concentrations, geographic locations, and water qualities, highlighting the roles of textile production and automotive tire wear in determining MPs abundance. Among five machine learning models, Random Forest outperformed others in predicting MPs abundance. The interpretable analysis indicated that longitude (35.3 %), TN (13.8 %) and Sb (13.4 %) were pivotal nodes in shaping the MPs abundance. Emission point sources from express, autotire and textile yield feature importance from 6.60 % to 7.88 %. A total 12.39 % of the predicted variability can be further explained by interaction effects. Besides, MPERI and MultiMP indices based on abundance, size, color, shape, and polymer distributions suggested that most sampling sites fell within moderate to high-risk categories. Artificial neural network-based assessment results are suitable for explaining the MPs induced risks and polymer type was the most influential variable in determining the risk values. These quantitative insights into the driving factors and potential risks behind MPs occurrence improve our knowledge to manage MPs pollution in large-scale watersheds, providing crucial information for the development of effective mitigation strategies.

PMID:40174563 | DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2025.123568

Environ Pollut. 2025 Mar 31:126174. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126174. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

In recent times, the presence of microplastics (MPs) in rivers and groundwater has been widely reported. Even though the drinking water treatment process is effective, MPs can reach drinking water and compromise its safety. In this study, we determine the six main types of polymers (polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PE), polystyrene (PS) and polycarbonate (PC)) in surface and drinking water. A previously developed and validated method based in in pyrolysis-gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) was used. The study site is the Llobregat river basin (the main source of drinking water in Barcelona) and in 5 areas of the Barcelona drinking water distribution network. In the Llobregat river and its tributaries (n=17 samples), ΣMPs increased downstream to 544 μg/L at the inlet of the Sant Joan Despí drinking water treatment plant (DWTP). Most of the MPs were eliminated during the water treatment process and were detected in drinking water at an average concentration of ΣMPs of 0.49 μg/L in 9 samples out of 21 analysed. PE and PVC were the main polymers detected both in the surface water and in the drinking water supply network, followed by a punctual detection of PP. The proposed strategy is in line with Decision (EU) 2024/1441 laying down the methodology to measure MPs in water intended for human consumption.

PMID:40174687 | DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126174

Environ Res. 2025 Mar 31:121513. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2025.121513. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Freshwater species play a key role in monitoring microplastics (MPs) pollution, providing insights into its distribution, accumulation, and potential ecological and human health risks in aquatic ecosystems. This study evaluates the invasive snail Sinotaia quadrata as a potential tool for monitoring MPs pollution in freshwater ecosystems heavily impacted by human activities. Specifically, we examined whether the characteristics of MPs (i.e., shape, color, and chemical composition) found in water and sediment were reflected in those accumulated by S. quadrata, and whether MPs accumulation varied across different snail size classes. MPs were detected in all environmental matrices and snail samples, with fragments and filaments as the dominant shapes, blue, white, and black as the most common colors, and polypropylene, polyethylene, and polyethylene terephthalate as the primary polymers. A significant difference in MPs concentration per gram was found across snail size classes, with smaller snails accumulating more MPs than larger individuals, likely due to higher feeding rates during growth. A positive correlation was observed between snail shell length and weight, while MPs concentration per gram showed significant negative correlations with both parameters. These findings suggest that S. quadrata accumulates MPs from the environment, reflecting local contamination levels. While S. quadrata is an invasive species, this study demonstrates its potential utility in MPs monitoring, particularly in the context of eradication efforts. This approach integrates pollution assessment with invasive species management, offering a broader perspective on the role of biological invasions in environmental monitoring.

PMID:40174742 | DOI:10.1016/j.envres.2025.121513

Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2025 Mar 31:104682. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2025.104682. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The environmentally relevant aquatic pollution is associated with the mixtures of xenobiotics, each in the low, picomolar to micromolar concentrations. Among these substances, the combinations of pharmaceuticals and microplastics (MP) have become an increasingly serious threat. The objective of this study was to track the specific and multi-stress responses of swollen river mussels (Unio tumidus) to the psychoactive substances caffeine (Caff) and chlorpromazine (Cpz) under combined exposure with MP. The MP (1mg·L^-1, size 35-50 μm), Caff (20µg·L^-1), Cpz (12ng·L^-1) or their mixture (Mix) were administered to mussels for 14 days. The redox state, enzymes of biotransformation and apoptosis were analysed in the digestive gland. All exposures except Mix caused oxidative injury to lipids and proteins, accompanied by increased GSH and metallothionein levels, suppressed NAD⁺ and activation of GST (except Mix), and GTPase. MP had the lower particular impact. Specific responses to Caff were activation of Cyp450 (EROD) and cathepsin D, decreased GSH/GSSG ratio and prominent demetallation of metallothionein. The Cpz caused an increase in NADH/NAD⁺ ratio and caspase-3 inhibition. In the combined exposure, the specific responses to single xenobiotics were alleviated which was confirmed by discriminant analysis. The Mix-group was distinguished by the highest NADH/NAD⁺ and GSH/GSSG ratios, markedly increased caspase-3 activity accompanied by the decrease of protein carbonyl level and the highest IBR index, attesting to the negative cumulative effect of multi-stress exposure. The vulnerability of mussels to pM concentration of neuroleptic Cpz needs particular attention.

PMID:40174756 | DOI:10.1016/j.etap.2025.104682

FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2025 Apr 2:fiaf035. doi: 10.1093/femsec/fiaf035. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics are an emerging contaminant worldwide, with the potential to impact organisms and facilitate the sorption and release of chemicals. Additionally, they create a novel habitat for microbial communities, forming biofilms known as the plastisphere. While the plastisphere has been studied in select aquatic environments, those in estuarine ecosystems merit additional attention due to their proximity to plastic debris sources. Additionally, the role plastisphere communities play in nutrient cycling has rarely been examined. This study used metagenomic analysis to investigate the taxonomic composition and functional genes of developing plastisphere communities living on petroleum-based (polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride) and biopolymer-based (polylactic acid) substrates. Isolated metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) showed plastisphere communities have the genes necessary to perform nitrification and denitrification and degrade petroleum and biopolymer-based plastics. The functions of these plastispheres have implications for estuarine nitrogen cycling and provide a possible explanation for the plastisphere microbes' competitiveness in biofilm environments. Overall, microplastics in the estuarine system provide a novel habitat for microbial communities and associated nitrogen cycling, facilitating the growth of microbes with plastic degrading capabilities.

PMID:40175313 | DOI:10.1093/femsec/fiaf035

Environ Monit Assess. 2025 Apr 2;197(5):505. doi: 10.1007/s10661-025-13950-6.

ABSTRACT

The sustainability of biomined landfill sites mainly depends on the profitable valorisation of landfill mined wastes based on the physical and chemical properties of the materials. This study focuses on the extraction, concentration, and characterization of microplastics (MPs) as an emergent pollutant in biomined good earth fractions derived from five landfill sites in West Bengal, India: Baruipur, Dhapa, Madhyamgram, Chandannagar, and Howrah. The concentration of MPs in these samples ranged from 11,500 ± 707.1 to 34,500 ± 7778.2 particles/kg having average sizes 1000-2000 µm. Morphological analysis revealed that fragments, films, and fibers are the common MP types across all samples, with sky, black, and red being the predominant colours. µFTIR analysis identified HDPE and LDPE as the primary polymers in the good earth materials derived from all landfill sites, followed by PP, Cellophane, PVC, PS, EPM, EPS, and PET. Pollution Load Index (PLI), Polymer Hazard Index (PHI) and Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI) were used to assess the risk of good earth materials. PLI values indicated relatively low pollution load, while elevated PHI values exceeding 1000 were noted in Howrah, Dhapa, and Chandannagar due to the presence of PVC. The study suggests the need for standardized methods to extract and quantify MPs in good earth products from landfill sites and the development of protocols or guidelines for the application of good earth in sustainable development projects.

PMID:40175769 | DOI:10.1007/s10661-025-13950-6

Environ Toxicol Chem. 2025 Apr 2:vgaf086. doi: 10.1093/etojnl/vgaf086. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (MPs) pollution has recently garnered substantial attention worldwide due to their tendency to contaminate ecosystems and transmit toxic substances in the food chain, compromising human health. The primary goal of this study is to provide a level of understanding about the source, occurrence, detection, and potential ecological risk of MPs in Eastern Indian dumping sites in the years 2022 and 2023 as well as representing a scenario encompassing urban, suburban, and rural areas. The MPs concentrations in dumping sites ranged between 10 and 3457 MPs mg/kg. Fragments were the predominant shape in samples from both years, 32% and 36% in 2022 and 2023, respectively. White was the leading color of MPs in both years (34% in 2022, 45% in 2023), followed by grey, blue, green, and others. Based on the chemical analysis, the most common polymers discovered were polyethylene (20%), nylon (15.5%), polyethylene terephthalate (11.62%), and polypropylene (10.28%). Most of the study area has high polymer hazard index (PHI) values (>1000) due to the presence of high-hazard polymers like PVC and PU. According to polymer load index (PLI) values, the samples from English Bazar and river-side dumps are highly contaminated with MPs (PLI: 26 to 49), whereas samples from Manikchak and Old Malda are less contaminated (PLI: 1 for both). The ecological risk index (ERI) values of river-side samples were the highest (ERI: 318950).

PMID:40172918 | DOI:10.1093/etojnl/vgaf086

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Mar 30;294:118099. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118099. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Emerging evidence suggests that in-utero exposure to microplastics (MPs) may have physiological consequences for fetal development, yet human data remain limited. This study investigates the association between placental microplastic exposure and umbilical liver enzyme levels as markers of fetal hepatic function. A prospective cohort study was conducted in Shenyang, China, including 1057 pregnant women. Placental microplastic quantification was performed using LD-IR chemical imaging, targeting polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), and polybutylene succinate (PBS). Umbilical cord blood was collected at delivery, and liver enzyme levels alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were analyzed using biochemical assays. Associations were assessed via multivariable regression models adjusting for maternal and socioeconomic confounders. Mixture effects were examined using Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) and quantile g-computation (g-comp). Placental microplastics were detected in most samples (PVC: 88.4 %, PP: 88.8 %, PBS: 89.1 %), with a median total MPs of 12 particles per 10 g of tissue (IQR: 8). Higher placental PVC particles was significantly associated with increased ALP levels (β = 28.07, 95 % CI: 6.65-49.49, p = 0.01). PP exposure correlated positively with ALT (β = 0.63, 95 % CI: 0.01-1.25, p = 0.05) and AST (β = 3.42, 95 % CI: 0.87-5.96, p = 0.01). Both PP and total MPs burden exhibited strong associations with GGT elevation (p < 0.01). Mixture analysis revealed significant overall effects on ALP (β = 30.04, 95 % CI: 11.15-48.92, p < 0.01), AST (β = 7.30, 95 % CI: 4.33-10.27, p < 0.01), and GGT (β = 22.98, 95 % CI: 7.49-38.46, p < 0.01), with ALT showing a suggestive positive trend. Our findings provide novel evidence that placental MP exposure is associated with altered fetal liver enzyme levels, particularly ALP, AST, and GGT, indicating potential impacts on hepatic function. These results underscore the need for further investigation into the underlying mechanisms and long-term health implications of prenatal MP exposure.

PMID:40168718 | DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118099

Sci Total Environ. 2025 Mar 31;975:179152. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179152. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Biodegradable plastics (BPs) are considered a sustainable alternative to reduce the long-term plastic pollution. However, recent research indicates that the degradation time of BPs varies depending on several factors, and biodegradable microplastics (BMPs) exhibit toxicological effects comparable to those of conventional microplastics, raising concerns about their use. There is a significant lack of research on the factors affecting BMP uptake in fish, with some studies focusing on the effects of BMPs under controlled laboratory settings. This study, the first of its kind in India, aims to examine the uptake of BMPs in freshwater fish from different feeding zones-pelagic, benthopelagic, and demersal-of the Periyar River in Kerala, India. Xenentodon cancila (pelagic; n = 80), Etroplus suratensis (benthopelagic; n = 80) and Anabas testudineus (demersal; n = 80) were selected for the study. The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and edible tissues were isolated and analysed. BMPs were observed in the following order: benthopelagic > demersal> pelagic. Highest mean BMP abundance was recorded in E. suratensis (benthopelagic) i.e. 0.24±0.05 items/individual (0.04±0.01 items/g) in GIT and 0.08±0.03 items/individual (0.002± 0.00 items/g) in edible tissues. Poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) was the only polymer observed. Adults have a comparatively higher risk of BMP exposure from E. suratensis and A. testudineus than children and aged individuals. The presence of BMPs in freshwater fish collected from the three feeding zones indicates widespread contamination across diverse habitats. This finding suggests that BMPs, despite their biodegradable nature, persist in aquatic environments long enough to enter the food web and is a growing environmental concern that must be addressed and appropriate strategies should be made to align with the goals of reducing pollution and protecting ecosystems.

PMID:40168735 | DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179152

Environ Int. 2025 Mar 30;198:109421. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2025.109421. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The environmental fragmentation of plastics generates a mixture of plastic particles of various sizes, which frequently co-occur with other mobile and persistent environmental pollutants. Despite the prevalence of such scenarios, the interaction between micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) and their combined effects with environmental pollutants, such as highly toxic hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), remain almost entirely unexplored in mammalian species. This study demonstrated that nanoplastic and microplastic particles co-aggregate and together influence Cr bioaccumulation patterns and related physiological alterations in rats. Following a four-week repeated intragastric exposure of Wistar rats to MNPs and Cr(VI), either alone or in combination, MNPs significantly enhanced Cr bioaccumulation in the liver, heart, brain, and skin. Under co-exposure conditions, Cr(VI) was the primary driver of cellular effects observed in the blood, including shifts in immune cell subpopulations (e.g., neutrophils, lymphocytes) and alterations in red blood cell indices, while serum biochemistry reflected limited physiological stress. MNPs per se decreased creatine kinase activity and increased cholesterol levels. In summary, polystyrene MNPs increase Cr(VI) distribution and bioavailability, but co-exposure does not uniformly exacerbate toxicity. Instead, their interaction may selectively alter physiological responses, emphasizing the need for a deeper understanding of their combined effects and potential health risks.

PMID:40168788 | DOI:10.1016/j.envint.2025.109421

Sci Total Environ. 2025 Mar 31;975:179287. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179287. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Plastics can contain a variety of different chemicals, which are either intentionally (IAS) or non-intentionally (NIAS) added substances. Recycled plastics can contain especially NIAS, which might vary in amount and characteristics, possibly compromising the applicability of the plastics. As plastics can eventually degrade into microplastics, these substances can be released into their environment and upon human exposure, pose a threat to human health. Therefore, simple methods for the comprehensive monitoring of these chemicals are needed to guarantee the safe use of plastics. The purpose of this study was to set up methods for analyzing and toxicity testing of chemicals present in secondary microplastics of virgin and recycled origin. Accordingly, the chemical compounds of virgin and recycled polypropylene (PP), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) microplastics were extracted using water, methanol, and chloroform as solvents, and the extracts were analyzed with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) methods. In addition, two cytotoxicity assays were applied to study the toxicity of the chloroform extracted virgin and recycled microplastics in human adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cells. The combination of NMR and TXRF methods allowed extensive analysis of the released chemicals showing that chloroform was the most efficient solvent for extraction. The results showed that microplastics milled from mechanically recycled plastics released more organic compounds and inorganic elements compared to microplastics milled from virgin plastics. In addition, the chloroform extracted microplastics decreased cell viability dose dependently and the observed effect was more prominent with the recycled microplastics compared to their virgin counterparts. In conclusion, these results suggest that chemicals tend to accumulate in recycled plastics, and therefore, these chemicals need to be monitored to guarantee the safe use of recycled plastics. This study showed that chloroform extraction is efficient in releasing substances accumulated in plastics for chemical analysis and toxicity testing.

PMID:40168742 | DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179287

Sci Total Environ. 2025 Mar 31;975:179288. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179288. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (MP) are being released into the environment at an increasing rate, causing extensive pollution in soils and affecting biota and processes. Although the use of biodegradable plastic has increased, its effects on the soil microbial community are not yet well understood. A controlled mesocosm experiment was conducted to investigate the response of soil microbial communities to increasing amounts of starch-polybutylene adipate terephthalate MPs (PBAT-BD-MPs) added to the soil. The experiment included microbes, earthworms, springtails, and plants. The PBAT-BD-MPs were added to the soil column at doses ranging from 0 to 0.8 % w/w of soil dry mass, and the columns were incubated for 11 weeks under controlled climatic conditions. Bacterial and fungal amplicon sequencing was used to investigate the dose-dependent response of the soil microbial communities' alpha and beta diversity. The alpha diversity indices of the bacterial and fungal communities increased with increasing PBAT-BD-MP concentration. Bacterial richness was highest at the highest MP concentration (0.8 %). A similar trend was observed in the fungal community, with a significant increase in fungal richness as PBAT-BD-MP concentration increased. The alpha diversity of both bacterial and fungal communities significantly increased in MP treatments compared to the control treatment. At the highest MP concentration (0.8 %), the abundance of the bacterial phylum Planctomycetes showed a significant increase, while Firmicutes showed a significant decrease. The abundance of the fungal phyla Ascomycota and Mortierellomycota also significantly increased at the highest PBAT-BD-MP concentration compared to the control group. Alongside changes in the soil microbial community, we observed a rise in soil respiration as the concentration of PBAT-BD-MPs increased. Our three-month mesocosm study demonstrates that the introduction of biodegradable microplastics into the natural standard soil environment in realistic concentrations (0-0.025-0.05-0.2-0.8 %) and particle size distribution alters the soil bacterial and fungal community.

PMID:40168740 | DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179288

J Environ Manage. 2025 Mar 31;380:125184. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125184. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics are a ubiquitous contaminant of estuarine environments, threatening ecological health. However, the comparison and interpretation of data from microplastic studies is challenged by inconsistency in methods of detection and analysis. This study reviews the methods reported in historical estuarine-based microplastic studies and compares them with current guideline recommendations to identify aspects that need improvement. Our analysis was undertaken on a database of 175 studies conducted across 36 countries between 2013 and 2023. We show that the majority of database studies (71 %) use suitable identification methods; however, fewer studies report recommended analytical representation (47 %) and analytical proportions (40 %). Only 30 % of the studies in our database utilised methods that align with all current recommendations. We further examined the use of density separation methods, used to separate microplastics from sediment samples and found only a low proportion of these studies (8 %) adhered to current guideline recommendations. Our findings indicate that there has been little improvement in the methods used in historical estuarine-based studies over the last 10 years. This demonstrates the need for greater focus on considering and reporting analytical representation and proportions in future work to ensure microplastic prevalence is accurately measured.

PMID:40168824 | DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125184

Environ Int. 2025 Mar 30;198:109421. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2025.109421. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The environmental fragmentation of plastics generates a mixture of plastic particles of various sizes, which frequently co-occur with other mobile and persistent environmental pollutants. Despite the prevalence of such scenarios, the interaction between micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) and their combined effects with environmental pollutants, such as highly toxic hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), remain almost entirely unexplored in mammalian species. This study demonstrated that nanoplastic and microplastic particles co-aggregate and together influence Cr bioaccumulation patterns and related physiological alterations in rats. Following a four-week repeated intragastric exposure of Wistar rats to MNPs and Cr(VI), either alone or in combination, MNPs significantly enhanced Cr bioaccumulation in the liver, heart, brain, and skin. Under co-exposure conditions, Cr(VI) was the primary driver of cellular effects observed in the blood, including shifts in immune cell subpopulations (e.g., neutrophils, lymphocytes) and alterations in red blood cell indices, while serum biochemistry reflected limited physiological stress. MNPs per se decreased creatine kinase activity and increased cholesterol levels. In summary, polystyrene MNPs increase Cr(VI) distribution and bioavailability, but co-exposure does not uniformly exacerbate toxicity. Instead, their interaction may selectively alter physiological responses, emphasizing the need for a deeper understanding of their combined effects and potential health risks.

PMID:40168788 | DOI:10.1016/j.envint.2025.109421

Environ Sci Technol. 2025 Apr 1. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5c01192. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The accumulation of microplastics (MPs) in estuarine regions and their ecological consequences have become global environmental concerns. Estuarine sediments function as major sinks for MPs and hotspots for critical biogeochemical processes, which are significantly influenced by benthic bioturbation. However, the impacts of MPs on the behavior of highly mobile benthic organisms and the ecological effects of bioturbation activities remain poorly understood. This study utilized laboratory simulation experiments, AI-based behavioral tracking, and metagenomic sequencing to systematically examine the effects of sand crab bioturbation on MPs migration, sediment physicochemical properties and sulfur cycling processes. Results demonstrated that sand crab bioturbation substantially enhanced the vertical migration of MPs, with fluxes to surface layers and the overlying water increasing by 27-fold compared to undisturbed conditions. Exposure to PE-MPs reduced sand crabs' surface foraging intensity and induced behavioral abnormalities. The crabs actively avoided MPs, exhibiting a preference for burrowing and residing in deeper sediment layers. This behavioral shift significantly altered microbial community distributions, with an increase of Pseudomonadota abundance and a decline of sulfate-reducing bacteria Thermodesulfobacteriota abundance. Furthermore, bioturbation accelerated sulfate oxidation in deeper sediments while inhibited dissimilatory sulfate reduction. This study is the first to identify the role of bioturbation in promoting the upward migration of MPs in sediments. Altered sand crab bioturbation will impact sediment biogeochemistry, estuarine function, and coastal resilience.

PMID:40167463 | DOI:10.1021/acs.est.5c01192

Mar Environ Res. 2025 Mar 25;208:107096. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107096. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

As a potential remedy for COVID-19 treatment, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) attracted considerable scholarly attention early in the pandemic. However, the ecological consequences of HCQ are not well understood, especially regarding their interactions with plastic waste such as nano-and microplastics (PS). This study aimed to investigate colloidal stability, bioaccumulation, and acute toxicity of carboxylate-modified polystyrene-based PS and HCQ, both alone and in combination, to Salmo trutta embryos and larvae. Spectroscopic properties of PS were found to change over time and to be affected by the presence of HCQ in the incubation water of organisms. Confocal microscopy showed that PS and HCQ, both alone and in combination, caused damage to the chorion of the exposed fish embryos. Particles of PS were detected in external tissues of larvae. The impact of the tested substances on fish was found to be dependent on the PS particle size, exposure duration, and the life stage of fish.

PMID:40168853 | DOI:10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107096

Cells Tissues Organs. 2025 Apr 1:1-16. doi: 10.1159/000545000. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The final step of the fertilization process involves gametes adhesion and fusion. JUNO is an essential folate receptor 4 protein present in the ooplasm of oocytes, which binds to IZUMO1, its receptor on the sperm surface. Both proteins are indispensable for the sperm-oocyte interaction, and their absence results in infertility. Despite the importance of JUNO in reproduction, there is still controversy about how different factors affect the functionality of JUNO. Therefore, the goal of this study was to provide a comprehensive overview of what we know so far about the presence and functionality of JUNO.

METHODS: In order to accomplish this, a total of 198 articles were identified. Based on both inclusion and exclusion criteria, 40 articles were finally included in this study.

RESULTS: The results showed that during oocyte maturation, the expression levels of JUNO undergo alterations and, in some instances, cross-species gamete fusion is possible. Additionally, it has been observed that exposure of oocytes to factors such as bisphenol A, 17α-ethynylestradiol, diazinon, benzo(a)pyrene, butylparaben, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, hydroxyurea, dichlorophenol, isoniazid, and para-phenylenediamine disrupt JUNO and decrease the fertilization process rates. Moreover, exposure to ionic radiation, vitrification, and synthetic materials as microplastics has the same effect. Nonetheless, other compounds such as melatonin, mogroside V, cholesterol-loaded methyl-β-cyclodextrin, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, protocatechuic acid, coenzyme Q10, resveratrol, and Shoutai pills have been shown to enhance female fertility in terms of JUNO functionality.

CONCLUSION: In summary, this update highlights the crucial role of JUNO during fertilization and reveals how different factors and experimental procedures affect its activity.

PMID:40168958 | DOI:10.1159/000545000

Sci Total Environ. 2025 Mar 18:178947. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178947. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Since the start of the production of plastic, synthetic polymers have littered our world. Early observations of this pollution, however, are scarce, and little is known of the history of environmental microplastics, especially in freshwater ecosystems. We studied this history retrospectively by analysing material from natural history collections. Since the 1950s, pieces of microplastic may have unintentionally been collected along with freshwater specimens. In the collection of Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands, we found early cases of animals that incorporated bits of plastic in their structures. Caddisflies are known to construct larval casings, normally made from fragments of vegetation or grains of sediment, but now that we live in the Anthropocene, caddisflies also have microplastics at their disposal as building materials. Here we present the oldest known casing of a caddisfly with microplastics incorporated, shifting the first known occurrence of this behaviour from 2018 to 1971, 47 years before the previous first reported finding. Tellingly, 1971 was also the year in which the first microplastics were discovered. The caddisfly casings examined here were not found in heavily urbanised places or polluted rivers, but in the springs of small natural streams with pristine groundwater, indicating that creeks were already polluted with microplastic right at the source. The particles suspected to be artificial were analysed with Energy Dispersive X-rays (EDX); this revealed titanium, barium, sulphur, zinc, chlorine, and lead - an elemental composition of common plastic additives in agreement with what has been previously reported for microplastics. Our study highlights the importance of the preservation of long-term time series in natural history collections and implies that microplastics have been impacting freshwater species for more than 50 years, and continue to do so on an increasing scale, as the amount of produced plastic keeps rising.

PMID:40169316 | DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178947

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2025 Apr 1. doi: 10.1038/s41370-025-00766-2. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The human bioaccumulation of micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs) is increasingly being recognised in the aetiology and pathophysiology of human disease.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic scoping review aims to provide a comprehensive investigation of studies examining the impacts of MNPs on the human cardiovascular system.

METHODS: Five databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, CINAHL, Web of Science and EMBASE) were systematically searched.

RESULTS: Forty-six articles were identified, 13 of which investigated the presence of MNPs within the human cardiovascular system, including atherosclerotic plaques, saphenous vein tissue, thrombi and venous blood. The effect of MNPs on cell lines suggest MNPs are cytotoxic, immunotoxic, and genotoxic.

SIGNIFICANCE: The findings of this review, when evaluated together with additional studies utilising animal models, suggest MNPs may contribute to global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In particular, the ability of MNPs to induce endothelial damage, oxy-LDL formation, foam cell development and apoptosis, as well as to alter the clotting cascade, has potential implications for vascular diseases. In addition, MNPs may play a role in the aetiology and progression of congenital heart abnormalities, infective pathologies and cardiomyopathies. Despite an increasing awareness of the ability for MNPs to result in cardiovascular disease and dysfunction, a limited amount of research has been conducted to date characterising the presence of MNPs in the human cardiovascular system. Reseach is required to understand the extent of this rapidly emerging issue and to develop strategies that will support clinicians to appropriately manage and educate their patients in the future.

PMID:40169912 | DOI:10.1038/s41370-025-00766-2

Mar Environ Res. 2025 Mar 28;208:107107. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107107. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (MPs), as emerging marine pollutants, pose a significant threat to marine organisms and ecosystems. This study investigates the effects of 7-day MPs exposure on the immune response of the blood clam (Anadara granosa), a commercially valuable marine bivalve known for its filter-feeding and sedentary lifestyle, which renders it particularly vulnerable to pollutants. This study analyzed the impact of various concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/L) of polystyrene MPs (PS MPs) on the immune response of blood clam hemocytes, focusing on the mechanisms of immunotoxicity, including changes in hemoglobin content, reactive oxygen species levels, cell viability, and the expression of immune-related genes. The findings indicate that a one-week exposure to PS MPs significantly compromised the immune response of blood clam hemocytes, exhibiting a pronounced dose-dependent relationship. There was a significant reduction in the total hemocyte count, concentration of hemoglobin, lysozyme content, and activity following PS MPs exposure. Additionally, the levels of calcium ions, the activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases varied with the concentration of PS MPs, suggesting that increased PS MPs concentrations suppress the immune activity of blood clams. This suppression could diminish their capacity to fend off external aggressions and heighten the risk of disease outbreaks. The study provides novel insights into the impact of PS MPs on the immune response of marine bivalves and lays the groundwork for further ecotoxicological research.

PMID:40168851 | DOI:10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107107

Microbiologyopen. 2025 Mar;14(1):e70016. doi: 10.1002/mbo3.70016.

ABSTRACT

The study of quorum sensing (QS) has gained critical importance, offering insights into bacterial and microorganism communication. QS, regulated by autoinducers, synchronizes collective bacterial behaviors across diverse chemical signals and target genes. This review highlights innovative approaches to regulating QS, emphasizing the potential of quorum quenching and QS inhibitors to mitigate bacterial pathogenicity. These strategies have shown promise in aquaculture and plant resistance, disrupting QS pathways to combat infections. QS also provides opportunities for developing biosensors for early disease detection and preventing biofilm formation, which is critical to overcoming antimicrobial resistance. The applications of QS extend to cancer therapy, with targeted drug delivery systems utilizing QS mechanisms. Advancements in QS regulation, such as the use of nanomaterials, hydrogels, and microplastics, provide novel methods to modulate QS systems. This review explores the latest developments in QS, recognizing its significance in controlling bacterial behavior and its broad impacts on human health and disease management. Integrating these insights into therapeutic strategies and diagnostics represents a pivotal opportunity for medical progress.

PMID:40159675 | PMC:PMC11955508 | DOI:10.1002/mbo3.70016

ACS Omega. 2025 Mar 14;10(11):11483-11497. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.4c11134. eCollection 2025 Mar 25.

ABSTRACT

Conventional nonfunctional polyester-coated paper is suitable for packaging, but this coated paper is nonrecyclable. Herein, we report paper coating materials recyclable and industrially compostable using functionalized polyester blends. First, carboxylic acid-functionalized polylactic acid (CPLA) and carboxylic acid-functionalized poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (CPBAT) were synthesized. CPLA, either alone or as a blend of CPLA and CPBAT, was emulsified and then applied for paper coating. The coated paper was tested to evaluate its water and oil repellency, gas and moisture barrier, sealing, and mechanical properties index. The coated paper's repulpability and recyclability were fully validated by certified methods. The compostability of the CPBAT- and CPLA-coated papers was also confirmed. This newly coated paper is PFAS- and persistent microplastics-free, and its recyclable nature fits into a circular economy approach.

PMID:40160760 | PMC:PMC11948148 | DOI:10.1021/acsomega.4c11134

ACS Omega. 2025 Mar 14;10(11):11483-11497. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.4c11134. eCollection 2025 Mar 25.

ABSTRACT

Conventional nonfunctional polyester-coated paper is suitable for packaging, but this coated paper is nonrecyclable. Herein, we report paper coating materials recyclable and industrially compostable using functionalized polyester blends. First, carboxylic acid-functionalized polylactic acid (CPLA) and carboxylic acid-functionalized poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (CPBAT) were synthesized. CPLA, either alone or as a blend of CPLA and CPBAT, was emulsified and then applied for paper coating. The coated paper was tested to evaluate its water and oil repellency, gas and moisture barrier, sealing, and mechanical properties index. The coated paper's repulpability and recyclability were fully validated by certified methods. The compostability of the CPBAT- and CPLA-coated papers was also confirmed. This newly coated paper is PFAS- and persistent microplastics-free, and its recyclable nature fits into a circular economy approach.

PMID:40160760 | PMC:PMC11948148 | DOI:10.1021/acsomega.4c11134

ACS Omega. 2025 Mar 11;10(11):10866-10877. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.4c07974. eCollection 2025 Mar 25.

ABSTRACT

The current in vitro study explores the exposure of the emerging pollutants polystyrene micro- and nanoplastics (PS-MNPs) within the digestive system and their interaction with key digestive enzymes such as α-amylase, pepsin, and pancreatin. The present research aims to elucidate the potential health implications of digestive enzymes by PS-MNPs based on the previously estimated mean of ingested microplastics (MPs) (0.714 g/day). The study deepens our understanding of the environmental pollutants' impact on human health by examining the interactions between polystyrene (PS) microplastics (PS MPs, 37-50 μm approx.) and PS nanoplastics (PS NPs, 100 nm) with digestive enzymes. The study analyzes the effects of micro- and nanosized plastics on enzyme activity using multiple spectroscopic techniques, revealing the molecular mechanisms of enzyme inhibition and structural changes caused by PS NPs, more than those by PS MPs. The fluorescence emission spectra indicated a static quenching mechanism across all the digestive enzymes at K _q = 3.638, 4.615, and 1.855 (∼× 10¹⁸ M^-1·s^-1), predominantly affecting tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Trp) residues. Resonance light scattering (RLS) spectra confirmed the formation of enzyme-PS NPs complexes, leading to aggregation. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and circular dichroism (CD) spectrometry results showed a decrease in protein content and structural alterations in the enzymes, potentially affecting their function. The half inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values of PS NPs for salivary α-amylase (180 μg/mL), pepsin (580 μg/mL), and pancreatic protease (314 μg/mL) indicate uncompetitive inhibition, and that of pancreatic α-amylase (592 μg/mL) indicates mixed reversible inhibition of digestive enzymes. The study highlights the potential health risks associated with PS NPs exposure and gives a broader understanding of the interplay between environmental plastic pollutants and human health.

PMID:40160751 | PMC:PMC11948151 | DOI:10.1021/acsomega.4c07974

Mol Cell Toxicol. 2025;21(2):387-397. doi: 10.1007/s13273-025-00521-6. Epub 2025 Feb 27.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Given the global increase in obesity, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a major health concern. Because the liver is the primary organ for xenobiotic metabolism, the impact of environmental stressors on liver homeostasis and MASLD has garnered significant interest over the past few decades. The concept of metabolism-disrupting chemicals (MDCs) has been introduced to underscore the importance of environmental factors in metabolic homeostasis. Recent epidemiological and biological studies suggest a causal link between exposure to MDCs and prevalence and progression of MASLD.

OBJECTIVE: This review aims to introduce the emerging concept of MDCs and their representative toxic mechanisms. In particular, this review focuses on broadening the understanding of their impacts on MASLD or metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) progression.

RESULT: Recent research has highlighted the environmental contaminants, such as heavy metals, microplastics, and pesticides, have the potential to influence hepatic metabolism and aggravate MASLD/MASH progression. These MDCs not only directly affect lipid metabolism in hepatocytes but also affect other cell types, such as immune cells and stellate cells, as well as the gut-liver axis.

CONCLUSION: Collectively, these findings contribute to establishing a well-defined adverse outcome pathway and identify novel therapeutic options for liver diseases associated with pollutants.

PMID:40160987 | PMC:PMC11947047 | DOI:10.1007/s13273-025-00521-6

ACS Omega. 2025 Mar 14;10(11):11483-11497. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.4c11134. eCollection 2025 Mar 25.

ABSTRACT

Conventional nonfunctional polyester-coated paper is suitable for packaging, but this coated paper is nonrecyclable. Herein, we report paper coating materials recyclable and industrially compostable using functionalized polyester blends. First, carboxylic acid-functionalized polylactic acid (CPLA) and carboxylic acid-functionalized poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (CPBAT) were synthesized. CPLA, either alone or as a blend of CPLA and CPBAT, was emulsified and then applied for paper coating. The coated paper was tested to evaluate its water and oil repellency, gas and moisture barrier, sealing, and mechanical properties index. The coated paper's repulpability and recyclability were fully validated by certified methods. The compostability of the CPBAT- and CPLA-coated papers was also confirmed. This newly coated paper is PFAS- and persistent microplastics-free, and its recyclable nature fits into a circular economy approach.

PMID:40160760 | PMC:PMC11948148 | DOI:10.1021/acsomega.4c11134

Environ Pollut. 2025 Mar 29:126149. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126149. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (MPs) are pervasive as emerging pollutants in ambient particles and may pose a potential threat to human health through respiratory exposure. Especially, impact of climate change has led to an extended blooming period for many plants, resulting in elevated pollen levels in the air, and leading to a continuous increase in the number of individuals suffering from allergenic diseases. However, the interactions between the MPs and allergenic proteins, remain largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated cellular toxicity of the MPs and Platanus pollen allergenic protein (Pla a3) based on the characterization of two typical microplastics (polystyrene, PS and polyethylene, PE). Our results indicated that UV irradiation could make surface alterations of the MPs, including breakage, particle size reduction, and an increase in surface oxygen-containing functional groups. These changes significantly enhanced the adsorption of the Pla a 3 protein. The 'protein coronas' formed by the MPs and the Pla a3 caused more damage to the A549 cells than Pla a3 alone. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and elevated superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels increased significantly after the A549 cells were exposure to the protein coronas. This excessive oxidative stress led to significant inflammation and cytokine production increase, with IL-1β, IL-4, IFN-γ, and TNF-α levels rising by 1.84 ± 0.01, 2.37 ± 0.04, 1.94 ± 0.09, and 2.19 ± 0.05-fold times respectively compared to that of the Pla a 3 exposure alone. This study provided a fundamental data for further research for the allergenicity induced by the pollen proteins.

PMID:40164275 | DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126149

Nat Med. 2025 Mar 31. doi: 10.1038/s41591-025-03675-x. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:40164728 | DOI:10.1038/s41591-025-03675-x

Anal Bioanal Chem. 2025 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s00216-025-05851-x. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Polyesters comprise the greatest proportion of textile fibers and are found in various everyday goods; hence, polyester fibers are a significant source of microplastic pollution and textile waste. The specific chemical composition of commercial polyester fibers is often proprietary and mostly assumed to be poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). Polyester is a class of polymers that include poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), poly(cyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate) (PCT), and poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN), as well as biodegradable polymers. Our study aims to clarify whether household polyester products are primarily PET, are labeled accurately, or contain phthalate additives by applying double-shot pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (Py-GC/MS). We analyzed four scientific-grade polyester reference standards, 52 manufacturer-grade polyester fibers or pellets, and 229 samples from 193 consumer polyester products. From the pyrograms, samples were predominantly identified as PET (87.4%, 95% CI [93.5-81.3%]), but five samples were identified as a different polyester, nine as non-polyester polymers, and 23 as a blend of PET with another polymer. From the thermal desorption chromatograms, diethyl phthalate was the most frequently detected phthalate, found in 23.3% (95% CI [17.3-29.3%]) of the consumer products, including children's toys. Double-shot py-GC/MS advantageously results in these empirical data that (1) counter the assumption that products labeled polyester are always PET, (2) emphasize the importance of creating spectral libraries with well-characterized materials for accurate polymer identification of unknown plastic particles, and (3) demonstrate that phthalates are common additives in household products.

PMID:40164936 | DOI:10.1007/s00216-025-05851-x

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Mar 30;294:118119. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118119. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Polyethylene terephthalate microplastics (PET-MPs) have been detected in the environment and human metabolites or tissues; however, their potential effects on humans under actual exposure doses remain unclear. Herein, male adult mice were exposed to 10 µm PET-MPs at concentrations of 10, 50, and 250 mg/kg per body weight consecutively for 28 days. Changes in blood biochemistry, inflammatory factors, colonic histopathology, colonic mucus gene mRNA levels, and the gut microflora were monitored to study PET-MPs toxicity. The results showed that PET-MPs exposure increased relative serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and glucose (GLU) levels in 50 mg/kg bw PET-MPs exposure group, and altered relative levels of inflammatory factors, thereby inducing the inflammatory response. Moreover, PET-MPs exposure increased mRNA expression levels of colonic mucus secretion related and barrier function related genes, indicating intestinal mucus secretion and barrier integrity dysfunction, which was consistent with the results of histopathological results. In addition, gut microbiota analysis revealed that the diversity and community composition were altered after PET-MPs exposure, suggesting a metabolic disorder. Therefore, our results demonstrated that exposure to PET-MPs led to intestinal injury and changes in the gut microbiome composition in mice. Overall, the study findings provided basic data about the health risks of PET-MPs to humans, highlighting that MPs-induced toxicity warrants more concern in the future.

PMID:40164037 | DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118119

Bioresour Technol. 2025 Mar 28:132464. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2025.132464. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (MPs) are emerging environmental contaminants that interfere with microbial processes, yet their effects on methane production in anaerobic systems remain insufficiently understood. This study investigates the impact of polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) on methanogenesis, microbial community structure, and metabolic pathways in simulated sewer sediment systems, with exposure concentrations of 5, 50, and 250 mg·L^-1. The results revealed a concentration-dependent effect of PS-MPs on methanogenesis: a 222.2 % increase at 5 mg·L^-1, and 72.2 % and 88.9 % increases at 50 mg·L^-1 and 250 mg·L^-1, respectively, indicating a non-linear response. PS-MPs exposure enhanced coenzyme F420 (F420) activity, a key indicator of methanogenic activity, but also inhibited Methyl coenzyme M reductase (Mcr), disrupting critical methanogenic pathways. At lower concentrations, PS-MPs promoted the abundance of hydrogenotrophic methanogens, whereas higher concentrations suppressed overall methanogenic activity. Furthermore, PS-MPs had a dose-dependent effect on CH₄ oxidation, influencing the structure of methanotrophic communities. These findings establish a clear dose-response relationship between PS-MPs concentration and CH₄ dynamics in anaerobic systems, highlighting the complex role of microplastics in methanogenesis and microbial interactions. This research provides valuable insights into the environmental implications of microplastics in wastewater systems and their potential impacts on biogas production and CH₄ mitigation, aligning with the objectives of environmental bioengineering and sustainable waste management.

PMID:40158865 | DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2025.132464

Chemosphere. 2025 Mar 29;377:144366. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144366. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The "transition to a circular economy" is frequently articulated in conventional frameworks regarding water use efficiency, predominantly emphasizing quantitative dimensions. However, water is ubiquitous, and its various applications are often directly or indirectly interlinked. Examining water quantity and quality within the water usage cycle is imperative to ensure security and optimise added value throughout the process while promoting the natural values of the surrounding environment. The present study introduces an innovative metric known as the Water Circularity Index (I_C) that encompasses the complex balance between water quantity and quality throughout the water cycle at urban and industrial installation levels. The methodology for developing the I_C is supported by a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis, where key factors are divided into sub-factors categorised and weighted. The I_C comprises eleven key factors, including freshwater consumption, wastewater discharge, water reuse, best management practices and technologies, hazardous substances defined under the Water Framework Directive, microplastics and emerging contaminants, biodiversity, nutrient recovery, internal industrial symbiosis, sludge management, and voluntary or incentive-based instruments. For each key factor, inputs are classified as negative, neutral, or positive, with final results categorised into five levels: negative circularity, no circularity, and low, medium, or high circularity. The index was applied to facilities across seven countries, encompassing fourteen installations across various industrial sectors and urban wastewater treatment plants, showing the versatility of the index in promoting best practices in multiple processes. In one case study involving a pulp mill, the I_C was computed before and after the revision of its environmental permit. This assessment facilitated an evaluation of the measures implemented during the transition from a discharge permit aligned exclusively with the Industrial Emissions Directive principles to an integrated water management approach that integrated both directives' frameworks. The findings revealed a substantial improvement in the plant's performance, progressing from negative to medium circularity.

PMID:40158344 | DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144366

Chemosphere. 2025 Mar 29;377:144366. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144366. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The "transition to a circular economy" is frequently articulated in conventional frameworks regarding water use efficiency, predominantly emphasizing quantitative dimensions. However, water is ubiquitous, and its various applications are often directly or indirectly interlinked. Examining water quantity and quality within the water usage cycle is imperative to ensure security and optimise added value throughout the process while promoting the natural values of the surrounding environment. The present study introduces an innovative metric known as the Water Circularity Index (I_C) that encompasses the complex balance between water quantity and quality throughout the water cycle at urban and industrial installation levels. The methodology for developing the I_C is supported by a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis, where key factors are divided into sub-factors categorised and weighted. The I_C comprises eleven key factors, including freshwater consumption, wastewater discharge, water reuse, best management practices and technologies, hazardous substances defined under the Water Framework Directive, microplastics and emerging contaminants, biodiversity, nutrient recovery, internal industrial symbiosis, sludge management, and voluntary or incentive-based instruments. For each key factor, inputs are classified as negative, neutral, or positive, with final results categorised into five levels: negative circularity, no circularity, and low, medium, or high circularity. The index was applied to facilities across seven countries, encompassing fourteen installations across various industrial sectors and urban wastewater treatment plants, showing the versatility of the index in promoting best practices in multiple processes. In one case study involving a pulp mill, the I_C was computed before and after the revision of its environmental permit. This assessment facilitated an evaluation of the measures implemented during the transition from a discharge permit aligned exclusively with the Industrial Emissions Directive principles to an integrated water management approach that integrated both directives' frameworks. The findings revealed a substantial improvement in the plant's performance, progressing from negative to medium circularity.

PMID:40158344 | DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144366

J Hazard Mater. 2025 Mar 28;492:138078. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138078. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastic (MP) pollution in seagrass bed ecosystems has emerged as a significant global concern. However, the effects of plastisphere formation on organic carbon pools and microbial communities in these ecosystems remain unknown. We conducted a 56-day microcosm incubation experiment to study the dynamic changes in physicochemical characteristics, organic carbon fractions and stability, and bacterial community structure in seagrass bed sediments during the plastisphere formation process for polystyrene (PS) and polylactic acid (PLA). The results revealed significant weathering and biofilm formation on both PS and PLA. MPs altered the microbial community structure in seagrass bed sediments, leading to species turnover. Colonization time emerged as the key factor driving microbial community assembly, with ecological processes shifting from dispersal limitation to ecological drift in the plastisphere, while sediments maintained dispersal limitation as the dominant process. The formation of the plastisphere significantly influenced seagrass bed sediment microbial carbon (MBC) and organic carbon pool stability. MPs weathering negatively correlated with sediment properties but positively correlated with microbial communities, jointly modulating carbon pool stability. This study provided a new insight into the potential risks posed by MPs to carbon cycling and the ecological functioning of seagrass bed ecosystems.

PMID:40158501 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138078

J Hazard Mater. 2025 Mar 28;492:138074. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138074. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The relationship between the environment and diseases is a crucial and complex topic that has garnered significant attention in recent years. In our study, we also follow the thread and explore the correlation between microplastics (MPs) and osteoporosis (OP).

METHODS AND RESULTS: We found that MPs were detected in the blood samples of nearly all participants. Moreover, It was compelling that PVC and PET emerged as the most common MP polymers in our study. A verification process was conducted comparing the clinical data with the results of MPs detection. This analysis revealed a significant exposure risk to MPs from sources such as bottled water, take-out containers. Through molecular biology techniques, we confirmed that MPs have a significant toxic effect on osteoblasts and associated with abnormal gene expression.

CONCLUSION: MPs may be considered to have a potential correlation with the progression of OP.

PMID:40158506 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138074

Carbohydr Polym. 2025 Jun 1;357:123410. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.123410. Epub 2025 Feb 15.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics that eventually convert into nanoplastics are emerging global pollutants and the development of efficient adsorbents for their removal is urgently needed. For sustainability and eco-friendliness, in the current study, a polysaccharide aerogel (LPA) was prepared with lily bulbs as the raw material by following water bath extraction, purification and freeze-drying processes. The prepared porous LPA was then applied as a packing material in a mini adsorption column for removing polystyrene (PS) microplastics and nanoplastics. Results revealed that LPA was over 90 kDa in size and consisted mainly of glucomannan and the removal efficiencies for microplastics and nanoplastics were 93.68 % and 96.98 %, respectively, mainly due to hydrogen bonding interactions and porous structure. The adsorption column was robust and maintained a remarkable removal efficiency (over 90 %) for 3 months. In addition, the effects of other extraction methods and pre-freezing conditions before the freeze-drying process were studied. Compared with water bath extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction transformed the LPA structure, resulting in reduced adsorption ability, while the pre-freezing temperature could be used to adjust the specific surface area. Meanwhile, the effects of temperature and pH of adsorbates were also investigated. The LPA was heat sensitive and not stable under strongly acidic (pH 4) or strongly alkaline (pH 10) conditions, resulting in a sharp decline in removal efficiency. The adsorption behaviour of LPA was further described via adsorption kinetic models, showing that the microplastics and nanoplastics adsorptions could be fitted by pseudo-second-order and pseudo-first-order models, respectively. Moreover, the adsorption performance of LPA was compared with some other aerogels and had a better result. This research provides a promising, sustainable alternative for microplastic and nanoplastic removal that has potential for pollutant adsorption and sample purification as well as a low preparation cost.

PMID:40158961 | DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.123410

J Hazard Mater. 2025 Mar 26;492:138054. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138054. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Due to the utilization of food packaging bags, a substantial amount of polystyrene microplastics (PS MPs) are introduced into the food waste (FW) treatment system during the pre-treatment process, potentially impacting the subsequent biochemical treatment system. In order to investigate the mechanism by which PS MPs affect anaerobic methanogenesis metabolism in thermophilic condition, this study analyzed the characteristics of methanogenesis in thermophilic anaerobic digestion (AD) of FW under different concentrations of PS MPs (100 μm, 10-200 mg/L). The results revealed a negative correlation between PS MPs concentration and methane (CH₄) yield from FW. When the concentration of PS MPs reached 200 mg/L, CH₄ yield decreased by 47.8 %. Further mechanistic investigations revealed that while the presence of PS MPs at lower concentrations could alleviate its adverse impact on methanogenesis by enhancing EPS content, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) persisted with increasing PS MPs concentration, thereby inhibiting the activities of key enzymes involved in solubilization and acidification metabolisms (e.g., acetate kinase and F420). Metagenomics analysis indicated that the presence of PS MPs down-regulate abundance of genes for quorum sensing and CH₄ metabolism pathways. These findings not only unveil potential detrimental effects of PS MPs on AD systems but also provide novel insights into comprehending and controlling the impact of MPs pollution on environmental preservation and energy recovery processes.

PMID:40157184 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138054

J Hazard Mater. 2025 Mar 25;492:138046. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138046. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The complexity of soil microplastic pollution has driven deeper exploration of waste management strategies to evaluate environmental impact. This study introduced oversized microplastics (OMPs, 1-5 mm) during membrane composting to produce organic fertilizers, and conducted a 2 × 2 pot experiment: exogenous OMPs were added when normal fertilizer (no OMPs intervention) was applied, while artificial removal of OMPs was implemented when contaminated fertilizer (with OMPs) was used. The study assessed the effects of these management strategies on lettuce growth, soil environments, and potential biological safety risks related to the spread and expression of high-risk antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in humans. Results showed that both exogenous OMPs addition and removal negatively affected plant height and harvest index, with shifts in the rhizosphere microbial community identified as a key factor rather than soil nutrients. Exogenous OMPs altered rhizosphere and endophytic microbial communities, and plant growth-promoting bacteria were transferred to the surface of OMPs from rhizosphere soil. In contrast, bacteria such as Truepera, Pseudomonas, and Streptomyces in compost-derived OMPs supported lettuce growth, and their removal negated these effects. Some endophytic bacteria may promote growth but pose public health risks when transmitted through the food chain. OMPs in composting or planting significantly enhanced the expression of target ARGs in lettuce, particularly bla_TEM. However, simulated digestion results indicated that OMPs reduced the expression of six key ARGs, including bla_TEM, among the ten critical target ARGs identified in this context. Notably, the removal management strategies raised five of them posing potential risks from lettuce consumption. This study highlights that both introducing and removing OMPs may pose ecological and food safety risks, emphasizing the need for optimized organic waste management strategies to mitigate potential health hazards.

PMID:40157188 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138046

Sci Rep. 2025 Mar 28;15(1):10752. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-94902-5.

ABSTRACT

The study investigates the synergistic endocrine disruption and cellular toxicity resulting from co-exposure to polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs) and bisphenol A (BPA) in zebrafish and MLTC-1 cells. Previous research has extensively examined the individual effects of PE-MPs and BPA on endocrine systems and cellular health. However, the specific interactions and combined toxicological impacts of these two common environmental pollutants remain underexplored, particularly in terms of their synergistic effects on endocrine pathways and cellular viability. To fill this knowledge gap, we characterized PE-MPs using scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectrometry and exposed MLTC-1 cells to PE-MPs, BPA, or combinations of both. The results showed that co-exposure to 100 µg/mL PE-MPs and 100-150 µmol/L BPA for 48 h significantly decreased cell viability, increased apoptosis rates, induced G2/M cell cycle arrest, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, and altered the transcriptional expression of genes related to steroidogenesis. Specifically, co-exposure upregulated the Ar while downregulating Lhr and 3β-Hsd, with these effects being more pronounced than those observed with single exposures. In a complementary in vivo study, adult zebrafish were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of PE-MPs (1 mg/L) and BPA (1.5 µg/L) for 28 days. This co-exposure resulted in significant increases in the GSI and alterations in the gene expression associated with the HPG axis. In male zebrafish brains, genes such as Gnrh2, Esr1, and Ar were downregulated, while in female brains, Gnrh3, Esr1, and Ar also exhibited downregulation. In male testes, Star, Cyp11a1, and Hsd11b2 were upregulated, whereas Cyp19a1a, Hsd3b, Hsd20b, and Hsd17b3 were downregulated. In contrast, female ovaries showed upregulation of Cyp11a1, Cyp17, Cyp11b, Hsd3b, Hsd20b, and Hsd17b3, while Cyp19a1a was downregulated, indicating a sex-specific endocrine disruption. Overall, the findings reveal that co-exposure to PE-MPs and BPA induces synergistic toxic effects both in vitro and in vivo, which underscores the importance of studying the effects of combined pollutants to better assess environmental health risks.

PMID:40155689 | PMC:PMC11953243 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-94902-5

J Water Health. 2025 Mar;23(3):322-335. doi: 10.2166/wh.2025.211. Epub 2025 Feb 10.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics in water have emerged as a significant public concern in recent years due to their potential adverse impacts on both human and animal health. This study conducts an analysis of articles published in key journals indexed in the Web of Science from 2011 to 2023, employing CiteSpace and VOSviewer for data extraction and visualization. The results elucidate a marked increase in both the number of publications and citations since 2018. Initially, the United Kingdom was at the forefront of research output in this domain, with a publication proportion of 16.59% from 2011 to 2017 and 4.37% from 2018 to 2023. However, the proportion of publications in China has increased from 10.31 to 40.45%. Notably, the Marine Pollution Bulletin has not only been an early contributor to this field but also holds the record for the highest number of published articles. Keyword analysis indicates research trends and hotspots. Recent investigations on microplastic removal techniques have predominantly centered on adsorption. Moreover, studies focusing on microplastics in surface water have also garnered considerable attention. This study offers a comprehensive review of existing research and provides guidance for future directions in microplastic research.

PMID:40156211 | DOI:10.2166/wh.2025.211

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2025 Mar 29. doi: 10.1038/s41370-025-00768-0. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: While recognition of airborne microplastics is increasing, there are still limited data on the microplastics within the aerosol size fractions most relevant to human inhalation (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5). Additionally, there are concerns that many of the additives used in plastic formulations have endocrine-disrupting properties, which could increase the hazards associated with microplastic exposure.

OBJECTIVE: To better understand the toxicological risks associated with airborne microplastics, more data are urgently needed on the mass concentrations of both microplastics and the related chemical additives in the air we breathe. Inhalation exposure to plastic-related species is currently uncertain in chemical laboratory workplaces.

METHODS: Using a Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (Pyr-GC/MS) based method, the airborne mass concentrations of both polymeric material and small molecule plastic additives were determined in inhalable air from two indoor locations. This method represents a fast, direct technique that can be used to better standardize airborne microplastic measurements.

RESULTS: The PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ concentrations of seven different polymers were determined, with average plastic concentrations of 0.51 μg m^-3 for the PM_2.5 samples and 1.14 µg m^-3 for the PM₁₀ samples. Polycarbonate, polyvinylchloride, and polyethylene had the highest airborne concentrations in the inhalable fraction of air. Simultaneously, the airborne concentrations of plastic additives were determined, with phthalate-based plasticizers having an average concentration of 334 ng m^-3 across all air samples.

IMPACT: Both microplastics and their chemical additives were quantified within the inhalable fraction of indoor air (PM₁₀), using a straight forward mass spectrometry technique with minimal sample preparation. This information furthers knowledge on the hazards associated with indoor air exposure, and it presents a useful methodology for the mass quantification of plastic-related airborne pollutants.

PMID:40158056 | DOI:10.1038/s41370-025-00768-0

Environ Pollut. 2025 Mar 27:126157. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126157. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics, particularly polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), have emerged as significant environmental pollutants, with growing concerns about their impact on various biological processes. However, the effects of chronic PMMA exposure on hepatic lipid metabolism remain insufficiently studied. This research aimed to examine the consequences of chronic exposure to PMMA particles of different sizes (100 nm and 2 μm) on hepatic lipid metabolism in mice. Female C57BL/6J mice were administered PMMA particles in drinking water over an 8-week period, and the effects on intestinal and liver morphology and function were evaluated. Histopathological analyses, gut microbiota profiling, and serum and liver assays were conducted to assess oxidative stress, lipid metabolism-related biomarkers, and liver metabolomics. The results revealed that PMMA particles accumulated in both the liver and colon, causing liver injury characterized by elevated ALT and AST levels. The exposure also induced oxidative stress by inhibiting the NRF2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, PMMA exposure resulted in significant alterations to the gut microbiota and hepatic metabolism. These changes were linked to increased microbial diversity, which impacted cholesterol metabolism through the gut-liver axis. Additionally, the activation of the PI3K/AKT/PPARγ signaling pathway disrupted hepatic lipid metabolism, leading to increased cholesterol synthesis and hepatic lipid accumulation. This study underscores the potential of PMMA to disrupt both hepatic lipid metabolism and gut microbiota composition, suggesting a novel mechanism by which PMMA exposure could contribute to metabolic disorders and liver disease.

PMID:40157484 | DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126157

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2025 Mar 29. doi: 10.1038/s41370-025-00768-0. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: While recognition of airborne microplastics is increasing, there are still limited data on the microplastics within the aerosol size fractions most relevant to human inhalation (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5). Additionally, there are concerns that many of the additives used in plastic formulations have endocrine-disrupting properties, which could increase the hazards associated with microplastic exposure.

OBJECTIVE: To better understand the toxicological risks associated with airborne microplastics, more data are urgently needed on the mass concentrations of both microplastics and the related chemical additives in the air we breathe. Inhalation exposure to plastic-related species is currently uncertain in chemical laboratory workplaces.

METHODS: Using a Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (Pyr-GC/MS) based method, the airborne mass concentrations of both polymeric material and small molecule plastic additives were determined in inhalable air from two indoor locations. This method represents a fast, direct technique that can be used to better standardize airborne microplastic measurements.

RESULTS: The PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ concentrations of seven different polymers were determined, with average plastic concentrations of 0.51 μg m^-3 for the PM_2.5 samples and 1.14 µg m^-3 for the PM₁₀ samples. Polycarbonate, polyvinylchloride, and polyethylene had the highest airborne concentrations in the inhalable fraction of air. Simultaneously, the airborne concentrations of plastic additives were determined, with phthalate-based plasticizers having an average concentration of 334 ng m^-3 across all air samples.

IMPACT: Both microplastics and their chemical additives were quantified within the inhalable fraction of indoor air (PM₁₀), using a straight forward mass spectrometry technique with minimal sample preparation. This information furthers knowledge on the hazards associated with indoor air exposure, and it presents a useful methodology for the mass quantification of plastic-related airborne pollutants.

PMID:40158056 | DOI:10.1038/s41370-025-00768-0

Sci Total Environ. 2025 Mar 28;975:179221. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179221. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The greatest degradation of marine ecosystems has occurred in the last two centuries, coinciding with changes in economic and production models such as the industrialisation. We reconstructed the recent history (last centuries) of marine pollutants (metals and microplastics) in the deep sea of the NW Mediterranean and the Cantabrian Sea (NE Atlantic), analysing 8 sites (cores) at depths between 87 and 1151 m with different levels of terrestrial/oceanic influence. The ²¹⁰Pb dating showed higher sedimentation rates (MAR) in the upper slope and/or closer to the mainland (0.063-0.078 g/cm²/yr off Barcelona; 0.107 g/cm²/yr in Mallorca at 420 m depth) than in deeper and more open marine stations (MAR = 0.054-0.035 g/cm²/yr), including the Valencia seamount (VS). In terms of metal pollution history, Hg and Pb were good markers of industrial activity, at all stations, including those at 1100-1150 m off Mallorca and on the VS summit. As (arsenic) peaked in the late 19th-early 20th centuries, due to the use of coal as a fuel in steamboats. The role of other metals (e.g. V, Cr, Cd, or Cu) is interpreted locally, depending on the type of industry developed in each area. The rapid and widespread emergence and use of microplastics also made them a good historical marker for sediments. The lithogenic metals Li and Al were good tracers of natural changes (freshwater input, precipitation regime) as their concentration in deep sediments is linked to advective fluxes reaching the seafloor. Both showed a general decline after the middle of the 20th century (1960s), due to a reduction in rainfall and river discharge, as well as an increase in river damming. The observed changes can therefore be explained by a combination of natural variability and the impact of human activities.

PMID:40157031 | DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179221

Water Res. 2025 Mar 21;281:123528. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2025.123528. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The impact of gear-derived microplastics (MPs) on microalgal community stability is unknown. In this work, three types of gear-derived MPs were obtained from floats, pallets, and tires. After exposure to individual microalgal species (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Chaetoceros curvisetus, Chlorella vulgaris, Isochrysis galbana), small-sized MPs (22 μm) exhibited stronger toxicity than large-sized MPs (135 μm), and the toxicity was MPs concentration independent. The three MPs (1 mg/L) significantly inhibited the growth of P. trichodinium, C. curvisetus and I. galbana. P. tricornutum was the most sensitive species, and the MPs decreased its chl a content, increased ROS level and reduced membrane integrity. Strong heteroaggregation with MPs is a cause of the observed toxicity. Furthermore, algal community was constructed using these four algal species, and P. tricornutum became the dominant species after community stability. After 96-h exposure to small-sized MPs at all the tested concentrations, the proportion of P. tricornutum highly decreased, thus increasing community stability and diversity maintenance. Photo-aging (20 days) further decreased algal number in the community from 16.54 % (original MPs) to 25.12 % (photo-aged MPs), while the Shannon diversity index increased from 0.93 to 0.99. The introduction of harmful algae (Alexandrium tamarense) decreased total algal number in algal community by 45.10 %, and led to the replacement of dominant species to C. vulgaris. Interestingly, algal number after the exposure of MPs and aged MPs recovered by 7.59 % and 14.71 %, respectively. This work provides useful information on the risk of gear-derived MPs to microalgal community in marine environments (especially mariculture areas).

PMID:40156997 | DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2025.123528

Environ Res. 2025 Mar 27:121496. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2025.121496. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Biodegradable microplastics (MPs) affect plant health by altering rhizosphere microbial communities. Root hairs create a unique niche for diverse microbes, but the effects of biodegradable MPs on root hair-dependent bacterial colonization are unclear, particularly the direct relationship between microbes in the rhizosphere and bulk soil. Here, the effects of polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) MPs on root hair-dependent bacterial colonization and diversity in the rhizosphere were revealed using an absolute quantitative method and in-situ zymography with two genotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana (long root hair, wild-type, WT and short root hair, rop2-1 mutant, ROP). The results showed that rhizosphere enzyme activity hotspots, bacterial diversity, and colonization increased from ROP to WT plants. PBAT MPs reduced root hair-dependent bacterial colonization and β-glucosidase hotspots by 17.1% and 9.8%, respectively. Despite increasing bacterial absolute abundance in both rhizosphere and bulk soil, PBAT MPs diminished bacterial community modularity and shifted bacterial life strategies from K- to r-strategy via elevated rRNA (rrn) copy numbers and copiotroph/oligotroph ratio. This study indicated that PBAT MPs decreased root hair-dependent bacterial colonization and diversity in the rhizosphere by altering the microbial life history strategies and increasing copiotrophic abundance. This study explained the effects of PBAT MPs on rhizosphere bacterial colonization and diversity from the perspective of root hairs.

PMID:40157415 | DOI:10.1016/j.envres.2025.121496

Sci Rep. 2025 Mar 28;15(1):10752. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-94902-5.

ABSTRACT

The study investigates the synergistic endocrine disruption and cellular toxicity resulting from co-exposure to polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs) and bisphenol A (BPA) in zebrafish and MLTC-1 cells. Previous research has extensively examined the individual effects of PE-MPs and BPA on endocrine systems and cellular health. However, the specific interactions and combined toxicological impacts of these two common environmental pollutants remain underexplored, particularly in terms of their synergistic effects on endocrine pathways and cellular viability. To fill this knowledge gap, we characterized PE-MPs using scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectrometry and exposed MLTC-1 cells to PE-MPs, BPA, or combinations of both. The results showed that co-exposure to 100 µg/mL PE-MPs and 100-150 µmol/L BPA for 48 h significantly decreased cell viability, increased apoptosis rates, induced G2/M cell cycle arrest, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, and altered the transcriptional expression of genes related to steroidogenesis. Specifically, co-exposure upregulated the Ar while downregulating Lhr and 3β-Hsd, with these effects being more pronounced than those observed with single exposures. In a complementary in vivo study, adult zebrafish were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of PE-MPs (1 mg/L) and BPA (1.5 µg/L) for 28 days. This co-exposure resulted in significant increases in the GSI and alterations in the gene expression associated with the HPG axis. In male zebrafish brains, genes such as Gnrh2, Esr1, and Ar were downregulated, while in female brains, Gnrh3, Esr1, and Ar also exhibited downregulation. In male testes, Star, Cyp11a1, and Hsd11b2 were upregulated, whereas Cyp19a1a, Hsd3b, Hsd20b, and Hsd17b3 were downregulated. In contrast, female ovaries showed upregulation of Cyp11a1, Cyp17, Cyp11b, Hsd3b, Hsd20b, and Hsd17b3, while Cyp19a1a was downregulated, indicating a sex-specific endocrine disruption. Overall, the findings reveal that co-exposure to PE-MPs and BPA induces synergistic toxic effects both in vitro and in vivo, which underscores the importance of studying the effects of combined pollutants to better assess environmental health risks.

PMID:40155689 | PMC:PMC11953243 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-94902-5

Chemosphere. 2025 Mar 28;377:144357. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144357. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Organic fertilizing residuals (OFRs) enhance soil fertility and support sustainable agriculture due to their rich nutrient and organic matter content. However, these materials are increasingly recognized as a significant source of microplastics (MPs) in agricultural soils, raising concerns about the safety of agroecosystems. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a reliable workflow for MP analysis in diverse OFRs, given the challenges of extracting small MPs from such organic matter-rich matrices. This study presents an oxidative-alkaline tandem digestion method that achieves an average organic matter (OM) removal efficiency of 93 % across various OFRs. In addition, density centrifugation with NaCl and ZnCl₂ brines was utilized to recover six microplastic polymers (PP, PVC, PET, PS, PE, and HDPE), achieving a recovery rate of over 95 % for large MPs (600 μm-4.75 mm) and over 83 % for small MP-PE beads (38-45 μm). Micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (μ-FTIR) analysis confirmed that digestion and separation steps did not affect MPs' spectral integrity and chemical identification. To validate the workflow, we applied it to analyze MPs in various OFRs from Québec, allowing for the successful detection of 19 MP polymers with sizes down to 10-50 μm. This workflow can be applied to multiple OFRs to extract, quantify, and characterize MPs. Ultimately, this workflow will facilitate efficient MPs analysis across diverse OFRs, providing essential data for robust risk assessment and better environmental management to mitigate MP pollution from OFR applications in agricultural soils.

PMID:40157262 | DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144357

Environ Toxicol Chem. 2025 Mar 28:vgaf084. doi: 10.1093/etojnl/vgaf084. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

There is a lack of knowledge regarding the mechanisms that induce microplastic fragmentation and degradation within the environment. This research aimed to quantify the combined degradative effects that mechanical abrasion in conjunction with photo-oxidation and hydrolysis, have on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microplastics. To accomplish this, common routes of degradation were evaluated. Degradation was assessed using three indices indicative of polymer degradation: Carbonyl Index (CI), Carbon-to-Oxygen Index (COI), and Hydroxyl Index (HI). This study assessed the effects that mechanical abrasion (MA), photo-oxidation, and various simulated environmental conditions: aqueous (Aq), aqueous + ultraviolet (UV), and UV only within two distinct settings (lab vs outdoor) have on PET microplastic degradation. Photo-oxidation exposure across a 60-d period induced significant degradation on PET microplastics resulting in a 1-22% increase in carbonyl groups across all treatments except UV and Aq. + UV Chamber (MA). A 6-214% increase in hydroxyl groups across all treatments. A 1-10% decrease in carbon-to-oxygen groups in all treatments except the Chamber Aqueous and Outdoor UV (MA). Mechanical abrasion seemed to accelerate this degradation in combination with both UV and aqueous treatments. Using simulated environmental conditions to induce degradation upon PET microplastics, in both lab and simulated environmentally relevant settings, revealed that the combined effects of hydrolysis and photo-oxidation can accelerate the process, especially in conjunction with mechanical abrasion. The novel findings presented here provide insight into the complex relationship between various polymer degradation pathways and the effects that mechanical abrasion can have on them, while also providing additional data for an understudied yet prevalent plastic polymer.

PMID:40156132 | DOI:10.1093/etojnl/vgaf084

J Environ Manage. 2025 Mar 28;380:125123. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125123. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Bisphenol A (BPA) is recognized as a significant constituent of environmental pollutants and could be efficiently removed from wastewater by laccase (Lac). Microplastics (MPs) was found to be present in wastewater contained BPA. This work was to realize BPA removal from wastewater in the presence of MPs by Lac and to reveal the possible mechanism for MPs enhancing Lac-driven BPA removal. BPA removal by Lac increased with 96.1 ± 0.3 % when BPA was in the presence of Polyethylene (PE). Lac can improve the adsorption capacity and adsorption rate of BPA by PE, and PE can enhance the degradation of BPA by Lac. Furthermore, K_i and C_i values were 14.237 and 25.091 when BPA removal by Lac in the presence of MPs, indicating that the diffusion rate of BPA was accelerated. The ΔS₀ was increased 0.064 kJ mol^-1·K^-1 by Lac in the presence of PE, indicating that the solid-liquid interface reaction efficiency was also improved. The particle size, dosage, and type of MPs were shown different promoting effects on BPA removal by Lac. The introduction of ultrasound (UL) and micro-nano bubbles (MNB) further promotes BPA removal in the presence of MPs by Lac, and BPA removal were increased by 20.5 ± 0.8 % and 46.6 ± 0.7 %, respectively. The initial BPA concentration, Lac concentration, and pipe length on BPA removal in the presence of PVC were investigated by MNB synergistic Lac. BPA removal with MNB-Lac in the presence of PVC was 91.5 ± 0.8 % under the optimal conditions. This study has the unique advantage of exploring the effect and mechanism for BPA removal by Lac in the presence of MPs, and providing insights for the subsequent treat actual water bodies containing MPs by enzyme.

PMID:40157206 | DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125123

Nat Commun. 2025 Mar 28;16(1):3051. doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-58233-3.

ABSTRACT

Polymers are known to spontaneously produce microplastics (sizes 1 μm - 3 mm) and nanoplastics (10 nm - 1 μm). Still, the mechanisms by which environmentally-triggered Å-level random bond breaking events lead to the formation of these relatively large fragments are unclear. Significantly, ≈ 70% of commercial polymers are semicrystalline, with a morphology comprised of alternating crystalline and amorphous layers, each tens of nanometers thick. It is well-accepted that chain scission events accumulate in the amorphous phase. We show that this leads to mechanical failure and the concurrent release of particulate nanoplastics comprised of polydisperse stacks of lamellae even under quiescent conditions. Noncrystalline analogs, which do not have a well-defined microstructure, do not form nanoplastics. While the amorphous phase of the semicrystalline nanoplastics continues to degrade, crystal fragments do not, and hence, they temporally persist in the environment. These results stress the critical role of polymer microstructure and fracture mechanics on particulate nanoplastic creation.

PMID:40155643 | PMC:PMC11953330 | DOI:10.1038/s41467-025-58233-3

J Hazard Mater. 2025 Mar 20;492:138000. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138000. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Plants produce biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) that are essential for interacting with the environment. As emerging pollutants, microplastics (MPs) may influence BVOCs emissions, yet their effects remain poorly underexplored. This study employed headspace solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography - mass spectrum to investigate the impact of MPs on the BVOC emission profiles of lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Our results demonstrated that polystyrene (PS) MPs exposure, even at environmental concentrations (0.5-2 mg/L), significantly altered BVOC profiles, with a marked increase in aldehydes and ketones. A 7-fold increase in phenylacetaldehyde and benzaldehyde at 50 mg/L indicated stress-related metabolic changes, which also evidenced by reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and shifts in root microbial communities. The key discriminating BVOCs identified suggest that the presence of MPs impact plant survival and adaptability, with emissions originating from various metabolic pathways, including phenylpropanoid, lipoxygenase, and terpenoid synthesis pathways. Furthermore, variations in type, size, and aging treatment of MPs influenced BVOCs emission patterns. Our findings underscore the significance of BVOCs as indicators of exposure risks associated with MPs and highlight the ecological threats posed by these pollutants.

PMID:40157189 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138000

J Hazard Mater. 2025 Mar 27;492:138080. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138080. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Factors such as inorganic salts, heavy metals and organics in landfill leachate can affect the environmental behavior and transport properties of microplastics. However, the influence of the microenvironment on the behavioral effects of microplastics in landfill leachate is still limited. In this study, the abundance characteristics of microplastics in leachate from 15 landfills in the North China Plain were investigated. The results showed that the abundance of microplastics in the leachate in this region was 712.0 items/L, which was mainly composed of small particle size and long fibrous microplastics. The relationships between leachate physicochemical factors and microplastic accumulation patterns were explored using models such as structural equations. Among them, TOC (Total Organic Carbon) had the strongest driving effect on 50-100 μm microplastics. And it had different effects on different microplastics: it promoted the degradation of PET (Polyethylene terephthalate), while it inhibited the degradation of PVC (Polyvinyl chloride), FVMQ (Fluorosilicone rubber) and PSU (Polysulfone). The ridge regression model indicated that the interaction of landfill age with Cr (Chromium) and the interaction of redox potential with Cr were the key factors influencing the behavioral characteristics of microplastics in leachate. These results provide a scientific basis for the treating waste leachate and the controlling the emerging pollutants.

PMID:40157182 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138080

ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2025 Mar 28. doi: 10.1021/acsami.5c02306. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Plastic residues have emerged as a significant challenge in the environmental sector. Microplastics, which are plastic fragments smaller than 5 mm, have the ability to disperse through the atmosphere, oceans, and land, posing a serious threat to human health by accumulating in the food chain. However, their minuscule size makes it difficult to effectively remove them from the environment using the current technologies. This work provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in microplastic detection and removal technologies. For detection methods, we discuss commonly used techniques such as microscopic analysis, thermal analysis, mass spectrometry, spectroscopic analysis, and energy spectrometry. We also emphasize the importance of integrating various analytical and data-processing techniques to achieve efficient and nondestructive detection of microplastics. In terms of removal strategies, we explored innovative methods and technologies for extracting microplastics from the environment. These include physical techniques like filtration, adsorption, and magnetic separation; chemical techniques such as coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation and photocatalytic conversion; and bioseparation methods such as activated sludge and biodegradation. We also highlight the promising potential for converting microplastic contaminants into high-value chemicals. Additionally, we identify current technical challenges and suggest future research directions for the detection and removal of microplastics. We advocate for the development of unified and standardized analytical methods to guide further research on the removal and transformation of microplastics.

PMID:40152077 | DOI:10.1021/acsami.5c02306

Environ Sci Technol. 2025 Mar 28. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5c01967. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Nano- and microplastics (NMPs) may significantly impact the marine carbon cycle, and fecal pellets produced by the copepods are crucial for vertical carbon transport. In this study, we investigated the effects of NMP size, concentration, and diatom supply on the production and settling of fecal pellets by the marine copepod Parvocalanus crassirostris. By employing an aggregation-induced emission fluorescence imaging technique, we visualized the distribution of NMPs in fecal pellets, measured their size and production rate, and developed a fluid dynamic model to simulate the settling process of fecal pellets in the water column. Our results indicated that NPs and MPs exhibited uniform and nonuniform distributions in the produced fecal materials, respectively. NMPs reduced both the size and integrity of copepod fecal pellets. Copepods ingested MPs in the absence of diatoms, but exposure to 5000 μg/L of NMPs decreased the fecal pellet production by 52% in the presence of diatoms due to feeding selectivity. The sinking rates of fecal pellets of varying sizes, as obtained from modeling simulations, ranged from 10.9 to 103.1 m/day. When the proportion of participating polystyrene (PS) reached 50%, the sinking velocity decreased by 34%. Our study provides new insights into the vertical transport of copepod fecal pellets under NMP pollution.

PMID:40153843 | DOI:10.1021/acs.est.5c01967

Ital J Food Saf. 2025 Mar 26. doi: 10.4081/ijfs.2025.13523. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

As far as we know, there is no evidence regarding the microfiber (MF) occurrence and abundance in branded milk samples from Italy. Therefore, a total of 20 milk samples from 5 brands were collected and analyzed using a digestion step with hydrogen peroxide followed by filtration. Natural and synthetic MFs were classified according to the evaluation of surface morphology (i.e., shape and texture), followed by chemical identification using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) microspectroscopy. Results revealed the occurrence of MFs in 67.5% of the analyzed samples and showed variability ranging between 1-27 particles/100 mL with an overall average of 3.85 MFs/100 mL. The FTIR analyses confirmed the presence of polyethylene, polyester, acrylic, and cellulosic MFs. According to the literature, the contamination of milk may occur at various stages along the production chain. The blood-milk barrier would prevent MFs from being transferred across the mammary gland into the milk. The highest MF levels found in ultra-high temperature skimmed milk of some brands may indicate the more complex the processing of milk, the more MFs they contain. However, due to the different MF types and polymers, an unambiguous conclusion on MF sources cannot be made. MFs could be shed from the filters used in the milk processing factories and the protective clothing for workers. Therefore, the MF contamination should be properly investigated along the entire supply chain, identifying the sources of contamination and implementing control strategies and mitigation measures.

PMID:40152942 | DOI:10.4081/ijfs.2025.13523

Environ Pollut. 2025 Mar 26:126144. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126144. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The prolonged application of mulch and manure in agriculture has led to significant microplastic (MP) pollution in fertilized soils, raising global concerns about its potential impacts on soil health and ecosystem function. However, the effects of MP exposure on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and microbial communities in fertilized soils are unknown. Therefore, we comprehensively explored the trends and drivers of ARGs during their natural abatement under the stress of conventional and biodegradable MP addition in fertilized soils using a soil microcosm experiment and metagenomic. The findings indicated that the presence of polybutylene succinate MPs (PBS-MPs) reduced the natural attenuation rate of ARGs in fertilized soils while increasing the fraction of high-risk ARGs in soils. Microbial communities and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) mainly drove the inhibitory effect of MPs on ARG abatement. Interestingly, most potential hosts for the coexistence of ARGs, metal resistance genes (MRGs), and MGEs were annotated as pathogens, such as Escherichia spp., Salmonella spp., and Klebsiella spp. In addition, MP stress in fertilized soil may lead to long-term contamination by highly virulent and antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli. MPs influence the distribution of carbon sources, which in turn reduces the diversity and stability of soil microbial communities, while simultaneously promoting the colonization of crucial ARG hosts, like Dyella spp. This ultimately prolonged the high-risk state for ARG proliferation in the soil. This study highlights the significant risk posed by MPs to the persistence and spread of ARGs in fertilized soils. These results provide valuable insights for managing MP contamination in agricultural systems, emphasizing the need for sustainable practices to mitigate the long-term environmental risks associated with MP pollution.

PMID:40154870 | DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126144

J Hazard Mater. 2025 Mar 17;491:137967. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137967. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (MPs) and dissolved organic matter (DOM) interact and participate in natural carbon cycling in hyporheic ecosystems. Existing research has mainly examined the effects of different land-use types on DOM; the interaction between MPs and DOM across land-use types remains unclear. This study investigated the interactions and driving factors influencing MPs and DOM in sediments under different land-use patterns. The results revealed that the Jinghe River Basin was dominated by weakly alkaline siliceous gravel and sand. DOM characteristics showed strong spatial heterogeneity between anthropogenic and natural land uses. The main MPs were fibrous, blue and ≤ 500 µm, and the abundance of MPs ≥ 2000 µm in anthropogenic land was higher than those in mixed and natural land. Statistical analyses showed that the land use type directly determined the differences in the fractions of DOM, and sand and MPs ≥ 2000 µm were the main factors influencing DOM concentration. Release and adsorption were the main interaction mechanisms between DOM and MPs, which were driven by surrounding environmental factors, different land-use types, and MP characteristics. These findings provide a reference for further research on the complex interactions between MPs and DOM in aquatic environments and theoretical support for carbon cycle modelling in hyporheic ecosystems.

PMID:40153960 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137967

Sci Total Environ. 2025 Mar 27;974:179238. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179238. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Forming ubiquitous contaminants in sediments, microplastics (MPs) are of growing concern due to their rapid infiltration into the environment and detrimental effects on ecosystems and human health. Understanding MP transport dynamics in pore networks is essential for predicting their mobility in sediments and soils and developing strategies to mitigate their spread. This study examines how pore geometry and MP hydrophobicity affect retention mechanisms within porous media during saturation-desaturation cycles. Microfluidic experiments were conducted using micromodels representing porous media with varied pore characteristics. MPs with hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and mixed hydrophobicity properties were introduced into these micromodels, and high-resolution imaging analyzed their retention patterns. The results reveal distinct retention behaviors based on MP hydrophobicity and pore geometry. Hydrophilic MPs were retained through clustering and sieving within smaller throats, particularly in low-connectivity geometries, with retention reaching 25 %. Hydrophobic MPs attached strongly to the solid-water interface (SWI) during saturation and shifted to the air-water interface (AWI) during desaturation, achieving retention rates up to 40 % in high-connectivity geometries. Mixed MPs exhibited combined behaviors, with early SWI attachment and subsequent clustering and sieving, resulting in retention rates as high as 50 % in geometries with high specific surface areas. These findings highlight the role of pore geometry and MP surface properties in determining retention and mobility. Hydrophilic MPs form contamination hotspots in fine-grained sediments, while hydrophobic MPs are more mobile in high-connectivity environments. Mixed MPs persist due to multiple retention mechanisms, posing challenges for remediation. This study informs strategies to manage MP contamination in subsurface environments.

PMID:40154083 | DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179238

J Hazard Mater. 2025 Mar 26;492:138053. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138053. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Antibiotics and microplastics (MPs), as pervasive environmental pollutants, coexist in wastewater and pose significant threats to public health. Bioelectrochemical systems (BES), which integrate microbial metabolism and electrochemical redox reactions, exhibit considerable potential for treating recalcitrant pollutants and recovering bioenergy from wastewater. This study represents the first comprehensive investigation into the application of BES for treating wastewater contaminated with multiple antibiotics and MPs, focusing on the synergistic effects of composite pollutants rather than isolated toxicological impacts. Compared to conventional anaerobic digestion, BES demonstrated enhanced wastewater treatment efficiency (14.39 %) and methane recovery (14.32 %). Under pollutant exposure and electrical stimulation, significant alterations in microbial cell viability and enzyme activities were observed. While pollutants reduced microbial species abundance, BES increased microbial diversity. The microbial community was predominantly composed of methanogens (Methanothrix), whereas fermentative bacteria (Proteiniphilum) dominated the cathode compartment. Although the addition of antibiotics did not significantly alter the overall abundance of antibiotic class and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), the cathode exhibited the potential to reduce their abundance. Functional gene abundance related to methane synthesis (EC:6.2.1.1) increased at the anode, while the cathode exacerbated inhibitory effects, primarily mediating acetate generation (EC:1.2.4.1, EC:2.3.1.12). These findings provide novel insights into the application of BES for treating co-contaminated wastewater, highlighting its capacity to mitigate emerging environmental challenges.

PMID:40154124 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138053

Bull Entomol Res. 2025 Mar 28:1-11. doi: 10.1017/S0007485325000203. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Influenced by human activities, microplastics (MPs) are widely distributed in terrestrial ecosystems. However, their ecotoxicity remains unclear. Therefore, we assessed the ecotoxicity of polyamide microplastics (PA-MPs) by investigating their toxic effects on the model insect, the silkworms Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). In this study, fifth-instar silkworm larvae were fed mulberry leaves treated with PA-MPs for 120 hours, but no changes in mortality rates were observed. However, the body weight, pupal weight, cocoon weight, egg laying amount, and cocoon shell weight in F₀ generation silkworms were significantly reduced. This indicates that PA-MPs have sublethal effects on silkworms. To further investigate the effects of PA-MPs on the offspring of silkworms, we applied the age-stage, two-sex life table analysis. We found that in the PA-MPs treatment group, the duration of the larval and pupal stages of F₁ generation silkworms was significantly prolonged, while the lifespan of the adults and total longevity were shortened. Meanwhile, the life history parameters (s_xj, e_xj, l_x, f_xj, l_xm_x, and v_xj values) and population parameters (R₀, λ, r, and T) of F₁ generation silkworms in the PA-MPs treatment group were also lower than control. This indicates that PA-MPs have transgenerational effects, affecting the growth, development, and reproduction of F₁ generation silkworms. Our research findings demonstrate the sublethal and transgenerational effects of PA-MPs on silkworms, providing evidence for their ecotoxicity.

PMID:40151153 | DOI:10.1017/S0007485325000203

J Environ Manage. 2025 Mar 27;380:125072. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125072. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The low-density polyethylene (LDPE) used in food packaging contributes significantly to the environmental accumulation of microplastics and plastic waste. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize bacteria from plastic waste-contaminated soils that degrade LDPEs. After 16 weeks of degradation, the greatest percentage of LDPE weight loss were achieved with the bacterial consortium and Chitinophaga oryzae NT1-2 (21.97 ± 8.81 % and 16.14 ± 0.46 %, respectively). After bacteria were exposed to LDPE, numerous new functional groups, including aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids, were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, while field emission scanning electron microscopy showed that the treated LDPE film surface had more grooves and cracks and was rougher than the control LDPE film surface. The highest total (1781.20 ± 42 U/min/mL) and specific (2.53 ± 0.06 U/min/mg protein) activities of alkane hydroxylase were detected in Bothriochloa intermedia MK2-8, whereas the total and specific alcohol dehydrogenase activities of the MK2-8 strain were 95.57 ± 4.16 U/min/mL and 0.14 ± 0.01 U/min/mg protein, respectively. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa CB1-2, the highest total and specific lipase activities were 10.00 ± 0.20 U/min/mL and 0.10 ± 0.03 U/min/mg protein, respectively. These LDPE-degrading bacteria produced polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), with C. oryzae NT1-2 giving the highest yield of 26.27 ± 8.40 mg PHA/g-glucose. Thus, bacteria isolated from plastic contaminated soil possess the capability to enzymatically degrade LDPE and convert it into the PHA biopolymer, thereby contributing to environmental sustainability and resource efficiency.

PMID:40154256 | DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125072

Sci Total Environ. 2025 Mar 26;974:179220. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179220. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The proliferation of plastic waste, particularly in the form of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs), has emerged as a significant environmental challenge with profound implications for agricultural ecosystems. These pervasive pollutants accumulate in soil, altering its physicochemical properties and disrupting microbial communities. MPs/NPs can infiltrate plant systems, leading to oxidative stress and cytotoxic effects, which in turn compromise essential physiological functions such as water uptake, nutrient absorption, and photosynthesis. This situation threatens crop yield and health, while also posing risks to human health and food security through potential accumulation in the food chain. Despite increasing awareness of this issue, substantial gaps still remain in our understanding of the physiological and molecular mechanisms that govern plant responses to MP/NP stress. This review employs integrative omics techniques including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and epigenomics to elucidate these responses. High-throughput methodologies have revealed significant genetic and metabolic alterations that enable plants to mitigate the toxicity associated with MPs/NPs. The findings indicate a reconfiguration of metabolic pathways aimed at maintaining cellular homeostasis, activation of antioxidant mechanisms, and modulation of gene expression related to stress responses. Additionally, epigenetic modifications suggest that plants adapt to prolonged plastics exposure, highlighting unexplored avenues for targeted research. By integrating various omics approaches, a comprehensive understanding of molecular interactions and their effects on plant systems can be achieved. This review underscores potential targets for biotechnological and agronomic interventions aimed at enhancing plant resilience by identifying key stress-responsive genes, proteins, and metabolites. Ultimately, this work addresses critical knowledge gaps and highlights the importance of multi-omics strategies in developing sustainable solutions to mitigate the adverse effects of MP/NP pollution in agriculture, thereby ensuring the integrity of food systems and ecosystems.

PMID:40147233 | DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179220

Plant Physiol Biochem. 2025 Mar 22;223:109823. doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.109823. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Plant leaves are considered an important sink for atmospheric microplastics (MPs) because they serve as a vital interface between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems. However, there is still a dearth of information regarding how plant-symbiotic microbe-soil systems are affected by foliar exposure to MPs. In this study, MPs (polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), and polypropylene (PP)) were sprayed over soil-cultivated lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) four occasions, with final sprays containing 0.4 and 4 μg of MPs per plant. MPs had no discernible impact on lettuce growth as compared to the control group. However, MPs led to reductions in relative chlorophyll content from 16.91 to 30.64 % and net photosynthetic rate from 6.64 to 81.41 %. These results validate the phytotoxicity linked to MP exposure through foliar application. The presence of MPs triggered interspecific competition among phyllosphere microbial species and reduced microbial network complexity by forming ecological niches and regulating carbon- and nitrogen-related metabolic pathways. Furthermore, MPs inhibited the growth of beneficial bacteria in the rhizosphere soil, including a variety of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR) such as Rhizobiales, Pseudomonadales, and Bacillales. This study identifies the ecological health risks associated with atmospheric MPs, which may have a detrimental impact on crop production and further compromise soil ecosystem security.

PMID:40147322 | DOI:10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.109823

Sci Total Environ. 2025 Mar 26;974:179173. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179173. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The widespread presence of microplastics in the environment has raised significant concerns, particularly regarding their potential interactions with herbicides and the combined pollution effects on ecosystems. In this study, quantum chemical calculations were employed to investigate the interaction mechanisms between polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastics and phenoxyacetic herbicides. The results revealed that PVC exhibits a stronger adsorption capacity compared to PE, and that low ionic strength conditions weaken the interactions between microplastics and herbicides. The energy decomposition analysis indicates that dispersion and electrostatic interactions are the predominant components contributing to the interaction energy, thus positioning the herbicide adsorption sites on microplastics near the minima of van der Waals and electrostatic potentials. The presence of hydrogen bond acceptors in microplastics influences the formation of intramolecular or intermolecular hydrogen bonds with the carboxylic groups of herbicides, resulting in significant changes in vibrational modes and infrared spectral absorption peaks, which offers a potential method for in situ monitoring of herbicide adsorption on microplastics. Additionally, different charge transfer phenomena are observed during the adsorption process, with PVC tending to lose electrons and PE to gain electrons. These insights provide a theoretical foundation for a deeper understanding of the adsorption behavior of phenoxyacetic herbicides on microplastics and hold significant implications for the optimization of environmental remediation strategies.

PMID:40147235 | DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179173

Chemosphere. 2025 Mar 26;377:144343. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144343. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:40147347 | DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144343

J Environ Manage. 2025 Mar 26;380:125120. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125120. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Sewage treatment plants (STPs) act as either sinks or sources of microplastic (MP) contamination in the environment. This study examined and assessed the occurrence, removal efficiencies, abundance and characteristics of MPs in two STPs in Chennai, India. Large volumes of influent and effluent water were collected and filtered on site via a filter in a series system. The samples were later treated in the laboratory to isolate the MPs from other organic and inorganic particles. The MPs were analysed via Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy to analyse the chemical composition of the isolated microplastics. Pollution load index (PLI) and EU classification, labelling and packaging (CLP) standard was incorporated to assess the pollution risk of MPs in STP. According to the results obtained from this research work, the MP concentrations in the influent waters were high for both STPs (5443 MPs/L and 4800 MPs/L). Although the MP removal efficiency of the STPs were quite high (~96 % and ~93 %), the pollution load indices at Kodungaiyur and Koyambedu STPs were observed to be 0.272 and 0.208 respectively, which were moderately contaminated. PORI scores revealed that Kodungaiyur Plant is in danger level I with the hazard score of 9.25 and Koyambedu plant is in danger level II with the hazard score of 12.78. The estimated quantity of the MPs discharged from the monitored STPs was approximately 28.4 & 28.2 billion MPs/day.

PMID:40147407 | DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125120

Environ Pollut. 2025 Mar 25:126127. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126127. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Composite pollution in aquatic environments has become a critical challenge, with emerging pollutants like antibiotics and microplastics (MPs) posing significant ecological risks. The interaction between antibiotics and MPs complicates treatment processes and underscores the need for targeted removal strategies. This study focused on a novel S-scheme core-shell magnetic nanosphere, Fe₃O₄@TiO₂-C₄N, combining TiO₂ and C₄N to form a heterojunction that enhances photocatalytic performance. The S-scheme heterojunction improves redox ability, enabling efficient degradation of composite pollutants under light irradiation. After 12 h reaction, Fe₃O₄@TiO₂-C₄N achieved 97.3% removal for polyethylene (PE) MPs and 96.0% removal for tetracycline (TC), surpassing existing TiO₂-based catalysts. Moreover, Fe₃O₄@TiO₂-C₄N demonstrated excellent magnetic recyclability rate of 77.07%, enabling easy catalyst recovery and reuse. Meanwhile, Fe₃O₄@TiO₂-C₄N outstands on TC removal at an optimal concentration (200 mg·L^-1). Notably, MPs in composite pollution scenarios showed higher removal rates than individual pollutants. This study highlights the powerful role of Fe₃O₄@TiO₂-C₄N as a promising photocatalyst for the joint degradation of multiple composite pollutants in aquatic environment, providing an innovative solution for addressing water pollution challenges. Furthermore, its real-world application potential is demonstrated by its efficient recovery, long-term stability, and compatibility with existing water treatment systems, paving the way for large-scale environmental remediation technologies.

PMID:40147746 | DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126127

Environ Pollut. 2025 Mar 25;373:126125. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126125. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Marine plastic pollution is a global issue that requires innovative ways of monitoring and mitigation. Information on how the size, mass and polymer type of floating plastic items are changing over time may improve our understanding of the complex dynamics governing fragmentation rates, dispersal, longevity, input rates and abundance at the sea surface. Procellariiform seabirds directly ingest floating meso- and microplastics, which they retain in their gizzards. As a result, petrels can be used as biomonitors to document trends in the abundance and characteristics of marine plastics. We compare the characteristics of plastics collected from regurgitated Brown Skua Catharacta antarctica pellets containing the remains and plastics ingested by four petrel taxa breeding at Inaccessible Island, South Atlantic Ocean, at roughly decadal intervals from 1987─2024. To assess if trends persist across biotic (ingested) and abiotic (beaches) compartments, we compare this to the characteristics of meso- and microplastics (2-25 mm) sieved from South African beaches from 1984─2023. Plastics were collected from beaches far from local urban source areas in an attempt to track changes in plastic floating at sea rather than local, land-based sources. Overall, there was little evidence of trends in the size and mass of ingested or beached plastics. The average mass of industrial pellets from beaches decreased up to 2015, suggesting an old, gradually eroding cohort of legacy pellets, but increased in 2023 after two major pellet spills off the South African coast. Nearly all ingested and beached plastics were polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP), but the ratio of PP to PE in hard fragments increased over time, while recent increases in PE:PP ratios in industrial pellets match recent pellet spills at sea. Identifying polymer types in ingested and beached plastics is valuable for future studies, as it may be useful for marine pollution management.

PMID:40147747 | DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126125

Sci Total Environ. 2025 Mar 3:178981. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178981. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:40148193 | DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178981

Sci Rep. 2025 Mar 26;15(1):10391. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-94976-1.

ABSTRACT

Rivers are major sources of marine microplastics. To investigate the influence of building use on river microplastic pollution, this study focused on the Chongqing section of the main stream of the Yangtze River. Surface water and sediment microplastic samples were collected and analyzed alongside building use data to explore the relationship between microplastic abundance and building use at different spatial scales. The results showed that: (1) The abundance of microplastics in surface water and sediment in the Chongqing section of the Yangtze River exhibited an inverse distribution pattern. In the upper reaches, the central urban area of Chongqing showed significantly higher microplastic levels in surface water (6,811 ± 3,101 n/m ³) compared to the lower reaches, confirming the direct input effect of high-intensity human activities. The accumulation of microplastics in sediment was greater in the northeastern section of Chongqing compared to the lower reaches (89.6 ± 69 vs. 45.4 ± 28 n/kg), indicating a hydrodynamic-driven sedimentation lag effect. (2) The influence of building use on microplastic abundance in surface water was significantly scale-dependent. Industrial buildings within a 2 km buffer zone explained up to 61.16% of the observed variance, suggesting cross-medium migration through atmospheric sedimentation and sewage pipe network. (3) Compared to land use types, building uses dominate the abundance distribution of microplastics in surface water at larger buffer radius (1-2 km), indicating that high-intensity human activities have a greater impact on spatial differentiation of microplastic pollution. It is recommended to implement hierarchical control measures along the Chongqing section of the Yangtze River. A 2-km ecological buffer zone is set up in industrial agglomeration areas to strictly supervise wastewater discharge from plastic products enterprises. Rainwater bioretention facilities are built within 1 km of densely populated areas to intercept microplastics from domestic sources, such as laundry fibers. This study explores the mechanism by which building use affects river microplastic pollution, providing valuable insights for microplastics control in large river basins worldwide.

PMID:40140557 | PMC:PMC11947094 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-94976-1

J Educ Health Promot. 2025 Feb 28;14:59. doi: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_503_24. eCollection 2025.

ABSTRACT

Plastics are integral to daily life due to their flexibility, durability, low viscosity, and poor conductivity. However, UV exposure, weathering, and biodegradation fragment plastics into microplastics and nano plastics, forming a heterogeneous mix categorized as large microplastics (5 mm to 1 mm), small microplastics (1 mm to 1 μm), and nano plastics (<1 μm). Concerns over the health impacts of micro and nano plastic (MNP) pollution have spurred extensive research, revealing increased disease susceptibility. Recent studies, analyzed using tools like Biblioshiny and Vos viewer software, have focused on authorship, journal sources, geographic origins, and emerging trends in MNP research. Data from the SCOPUS database (January 1, 2015 to January 3, 2024) analyzed via Biblioshiny and Microsoft Excel revealed 478 articles, with a steady annual increase in publications and references, highlighting growing interest in nanoplastics' health impacts. China leads in publications and collaborations, with eight of the top ten contributing institutions located there, alongside Spain and Serbia. Chinese authors also dominate the top ten published papers in leading journals, five of which are prominent in Environmental Science. This study presents the first visual metametrological analysis of the connection between nanoplastics and human health using bibliometric techniques. By examining global research on nanoplastics' health implications, we can better understand the current research landscape and set priorities for future studies.

PMID:40144163 | PMC:PMC11940029 | DOI:10.4103/jehp.jehp_503_24

Microorganisms. 2025 Feb 24;13(3):497. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13030497.

ABSTRACT

The increased emission and accumulation of microplastics pose a severe threat to humans and the environment. As effective biological agents for alleviating the effects of microplastics, the mechanism of action of probiotics remains unclear. In this study, based on the successful establishment of a reproductive virulence model of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), we explored the effect and mechanism of Weizmannia coagulans CGMCC 9951 (W. coagulans CGMCC 9951) on the reproductive toxicity of C. elegans. Our results showed that the gonad area and the number of offspring increased but the number of germ cells undergoing apoptosis decreased by 14% and 24% in C. elegans, after CGMCC 9951 treatments. Antioxidant test results showed that CGMCC 9951 increased the activity of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and the content of Glutathione (GSH) in C. elegans. In addition, it was found by qPCR and mutagenesis experiments verified that CGMCC 9951 alleviated reproductive toxicity through the DNA checkpoint signaling pathway. Our findings suggested that CGMCC 9951 could alleviate the reproductive toxicity of polystyrene microplastics in C. elegans by enhancing antioxidant capacity and inhibiting DNA damage checkpoint signaling pathway. The above results suggest that probiotics can be used as a potential approach to alleviate the reproductive toxicity induced by polystyrene microplastics in humans.

PMID:40142390 | PMC:PMC11944320 | DOI:10.3390/microorganisms13030497

Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2025 Mar 27:e202501973. doi: 10.1002/anie.202501973. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastic pollution poses significant threats to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Hollow nanomaterials are promising adsorbents for microplastics remediation due to their tailorable architectures, functions, and large contact area. Nevertheless, the structural stability of well-defined nanostructures has always been a critical factor, and understanding the stability principle is desired. Herein, we fabricated magnetic hollow nanocarbons as "nano-analytical tool", revealing that the stability is related to additional pressure caused by nanointerface tension at curved carbon shell surface. To mitigate this, we introduced C-S bonds by sulfurizing carbon matrix, suppressing the condensation of oxygen-containing groups and thereby reducing interface tension. As a showcase, the stable hollow Fe3O4@C/S enabled rapid and efficient microplastics capture (100% within 10 seconds, 53600 mg/g capacity) under an alternating magnetic field, owing to the magnetically accelerated mass transfer and increased contact area. Additionally, sulfur modification broadens applicability range where carbon surface is oppositely charged to microplastics, expanding the universality in capturing multiple types of microplastics, even under challenging conditions including different pH and salinities. This work offers guidance into the precisely synthesis of hollow nanomaterials from nanointerface perspective. The design principles involving sulfur modification and high-contact area may open prospects for high-capacity microplastics capture in complex aquatic environments.

PMID:40146184 | DOI:10.1002/anie.202501973

Soft Matter. 2025 Mar 27. doi: 10.1039/d5sm00074b. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Tire and brake-wear emissions, in particular nanoparticulate aerosols, can potentially impact human health and the environment adversely. While there is considerable phenomenological data on tire wear, the creation and environmental persistence of particulate pollutants is not well understood. Here, we unequivocally show that normal mechanical tire wear results in two distinct micro and nanoplastic (MNP) populations: a smaller, aerosolized fraction (<10 μm), and larger microplastics. Nanoplastic emissions follow a power law distribution that we show is consistent with the classical arguments of Archard, and Griffiths. Nanoplastic pollution increases dramatically with vehicle speed and weight, as the power law distribution characterizing these gets steeper. Charge stabilization of the tire wear nanoparticles keeps them suspended, while microplastics settle due to gravity. Larger microplastics are formed by sequential wear processes and show a log-normal distribution, as anticipated by Kolmogorov. Thus, the particle size distribution provides mechanistic insights to tire fragmentation: the aerosolized fraction is determined by power input to the tire while the larger microplastics are determined by sequential wear processes due to tire-road surface interactions, independent of vehicle weight and speed.

PMID:40145380 | DOI:10.1039/d5sm00074b

Microorganisms. 2025 Mar 14;13(3):657. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13030657.

ABSTRACT

Agricultural plastic mulch enhances crop yields but leads to persistent microplastic contamination in soils. Concurrently, nitrogen (N) fertilization and atmospheric deposition profoundly reshape microbial ecosystems. This study examined the individual and interactive effects of polyethylene microplastics (PE, 1% w/w) and nitrogen addition (N, 180 kg ha^-1 yr^-1) on soil protist communities and rape (Brassica napus L.) productivity. High-throughput sequencing and soil-plant trait analyses revealed that PE alone reduced the soil water retention and the rape biomass while elevating the soil total carbon content, C/N ratios, and NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N levels. Conversely, N addition significantly boosted the rape biomass and the chlorophyll content, likely through enhanced nutrient availability. Strikingly, the combined PE_N treatment exhibited antagonistic interactions; protist diversity and functional group composition stabilized to resemble the control conditions, and the rape biomass under the PE_N treatment showed no difference from the CK (with basal fertilizer only), despite significant reductions under the PE treatment alone. Soil nutrient dynamics (e.g., the SWC and the C/N ratio) and the protist community structure collectively explained 96% of the biomass variation. These findings highlight the potential of nitrogen fertilization to mitigate microplastic-induced soil degradation, offering a pragmatic strategy to stabilize crop productivity in contaminated agricultural systems. This study underscores the importance of balancing nutrient management with pollution control to sustain soil health under global microplastic and nitrogen deposition pressures.

PMID:40142549 | PMC:PMC11944579 | DOI:10.3390/microorganisms13030657

Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2025 Mar 27;114(4):56. doi: 10.1007/s00128-025-04036-7.

ABSTRACT

Co-contamination of microplastics (MPs) and cadmium (Cd) has attracted attentions in forest soils due to their complex behaviors and ecological risks. This study investigates the interactions between MPs and Cd²⁺, focusing on effects of different types (polyethylene: PE, polybutylene succinate: PBS, poly-11-bromoundecyl acrylate: PBA), sizes (75-150 and 150-300 μm) and concentrations (1% and 10%) of MPs on soil properties. Results showed that MPs significantly influence contents of soil dissolved organic carbon and available nitrogen, while increased MPs concentrations reduced the dissolved organic matter (DOM) availability and decomposition. Adsorption and desorption of Cd²⁺ were higher in biodegradable MPs (PBS and PBA), with the Freundlich model providing a better fit for Cd²⁺ adsorption. Pearson correlation and redundancy analysis identified soil DOM, number of humic-like substances, and microbial by-products as key factors influencing Cd²⁺ behavior. These findings contribute to understanding risks of co-contamination by MPs and heavy metals in forest soils.

PMID:40146376 | DOI:10.1007/s00128-025-04036-7

Life (Basel). 2025 Feb 24;15(3):357. doi: 10.3390/life15030357.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics have been detected in various human organs, and studies on their impact on human health are ongoing. However, few studies have researched microplastics in the cervicovaginal area. In this study, we aimed to assess their presence in human cervicovaginal lavage fluid. This prospective study was conducted at a single tertiary medical center, enrolling 10 participants aged 27-49 years. Human cervicovaginal lavage fluid samples were collected from the patients by a single skilled obstetrician. Raman spectroscopy was used to analyze and characterize microplastic particles detected in the samples. Ninety-one microplastic particles were detected in 10 samples. More than 50% of the microplastic particles were identified in a single patient who regularly used menstrual cups. The mean number of microplastics was 9.10 ± 14.96 per 10 g sample. Most of the microplastics were <50 μm in size, and polypropylene and polystyrene were the most predominant types. Raman analysis detected microplastic particles in human cervicovaginal lavage fluids, suggesting that the human cervicovaginal area is exposed to microplastics. The number of detected particles varied significantly among individuals. This study highlights the need for further research on the effects of microplastics on the female reproductive system using cervicovaginal lavage fluid.

PMID:40141702 | PMC:PMC11944009 | DOI:10.3390/life15030357

Toxics. 2025 Mar 7;13(3):192. doi: 10.3390/toxics13030192.

ABSTRACT

Environmental pollution caused by microplastics (MPs) has evolved into a global concern; however, the knowledge about MP accumulation in the environment, potential impacts, and monitoring approaches is limited [...].

PMID:40137519 | PMC:PMC11946401 | DOI:10.3390/toxics13030192

Toxics. 2025 Feb 20;13(3):143. doi: 10.3390/toxics13030143.

ABSTRACT

Wetlands are one of the most crucial ecosystems for regulating carbon sequestration and mitigating global climate change. However, the disturbance to carbon dynamics caused by microplastics (MPs) in wetlands cannot be overlooked. This review explores the impacts of MPs on the carbon cycles within wetland ecosystems, focusing on the underlying physicochemical and microbial mechanisms. The accumulation of MPs in wetland sediments can severely destabilize plant root functions, disrupting water, nutrient, and oxygen transport, thereby reducing plant biomass development. Although MPs may temporarily enhance carbon storage, they ultimately accelerate the mineralization of organic carbon, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide emissions and undermining long-term carbon sequestration. A critical aspect of this process involves shifts in microbial community structures driven by selective microbial colonization on MPs, which affect organic carbon decomposition and methane production, thus posing a threat to greenhouse gas emissions. Notably, dissolved organic matter derived from biodegradable MPs can promote the photoaging of coexisting MPs, enhancing the release of harmful substances from aged MPs and further impacting microbial-associated carbon dynamics due to disrupted metabolic activity. Therefore, it is imperative to deepen our understanding of the adverse effects and mechanisms of MPs on wetland health and carbon cycles. Future strategies should incorporate microbial regulation and ecological engineering techniques to develop effective methodologies aimed at maintaining the sustainable carbon sequestration capacity of wetlands affected by MP contamination.

PMID:40137470 | PMC:PMC11946319 | DOI:10.3390/toxics13030143

Toxics. 2025 Feb 20;13(3):144. doi: 10.3390/toxics13030144.

ABSTRACT

Plastic marine litter is a critical issue that threatens marine ecosystems. This study investigated microplastics (MPs) contamination in the Italian seas, involving regions significantly affected by pollution from urban, industrial and agricultural sources. The research, conducted in collaborations between 10 different Experimental Zooprophylactic Institutes throughout Italy, analyzed Mytilus galloprovincialis (common mussels) for its filtration capacity and suitability as a bioindicator. Using data from two projects funded by the Italian Ministry of Health, MPs were detected from 7% to 13% of mussel samples, mainly polypropylene and polystyrene fragments and fibers. These findings align with previous studies highlighting the pervasive presence of MPs and their potential risks as mussels are consumed whole, allowing MPs to be ingested. The study underscores the need for standardized detection methods and coordinated policies to mitigate plastic pollution. Public awareness campaigns and improved waste management practices are key to addressing the environmental and health impacts of MPs. Further research on the long-term effects of MPs on marine ecosystems and human health is essential to developing comprehensive mitigation strategies.

PMID:40137471 | PMC:PMC11945536 | DOI:10.3390/toxics13030144

Mar Pollut Bull. 2025 Mar 25;215:117848. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.117848. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics have attracted substantial attention on remote coral sand islands owing to their delicate ecosystems. However, the distribution, transport pathways, and control mechanisms of soil microplastics on these islands are yet to be elucidated. The coral reef islands of China's Xisha Archipelago in the South China Sea are at varying stages of development and experience differing levels of human activity, rendering them an ideal location to investigate the environmental characteristics of microplastics. This study conducted a comparative analysis of the distribution characteristics of microplastics in surface soils and beach sands, which were collected from coral cays and islands. We further analyzed the potential impacts of plant cover, geomorphology, soil environmental factors and human activities on accumulation and transport of microplastics. The results show that their abundance varies from 1068 to 1616 particles/kg on the different reef islands. Total organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon in the soils exert a significant influence on the accumulation of microplastics. The abundance of microplastics in the exposed areas showed an increasing trend with the degree of island development, and the human activities have a significant impact on the distribution of microplastics across the islands. Analysis of the microplastic abundance at different locations of the atoll reveals that ocean currents and monsoons are the primary drivers of microplastic accumulation on the coral reef islands. This study provides a scientific basis for the management of microplastic pollution and environmental conservation on remote islands.

PMID:40138955 | DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.117848

Toxics. 2025 Mar 12;13(3):205. doi: 10.3390/toxics13030205.

ABSTRACT

China is facing increasing marine microplastic pollution. Despite the fact that the South China Sea is the largest marine area in China, the ecological danger and present state of microplastic contamination in this region have not been systematically and comprehensively investigated. This study analyzed the abundance, distribution, and characteristics of microplastics in different environmental media and biological samples from the Xisha Islands in the South China Sea, and then the ecological risk assessment of microplastic pollution in this area was conducted. The findings indicated that the quantities of sediments, soil, water, fish, and birds were 41.56 ± 19.12 items/kg, 92.94 ± 111.05 items/kg, 2.89 ± 1.92 items/L, 2.57 ± 2.12 items/ind, and 1.702 ± 1.50 items/ind, respectively. By evaluating the pollution load index (PLI), polymer hazard index (PHI), and potential ecological risk index (PERI), the PLI of the Xisha Islands in the South China Sea as a whole indicated that the hazard level was slightly polluted, the PHI was at a high-risk level, and the PERI samples were at no risk, except for the soil and seawater, which were at a medium-risk level.

PMID:40137532 | PMC:PMC11946236 | DOI:10.3390/toxics13030205

Toxics. 2025 Mar 11;13(3):201. doi: 10.3390/toxics13030201.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics currently pose a serious threat to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The high mobility of particles and their diversity in size, material and shape lets them spread widely. Further complicating matters is the ever-expanding plastics industry and modifications to its manufacturing processes. To date, many cases of negative, often toxic effects of microplastics on various species such as fish, birds and mammals have been documented. The methodology for measuring and determining the effects of microplastics on soil organisms is still an area of little understanding and certainly requires further study. In our conducted experiment, we reported the effects of selected microplastics in soil (polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene, polyamide and a mixture of these plastics) at concentrations of 0.1% w/v and 1% w/v at two time intervals, one and three months, on five different earthworm species, identifying the species-related microplastic response. This study investigated the effects of different microplastics on biological parameters such as survival and respiration and biochemical parameters such as effects on glutathione s-transferase (GST), a marker of detoxification and adaptive response in earthworm species Eisenia andrei, Eisenia fetida, Lumbricus terrestris, Apporectoda caliginosa and Dendrobena veneta. The choices of species and the types of microplastic selected are intended to map the occurrence of microplastic contamination in the soil and determine the adaptation of earthworms to changing environmental conditions, considering their ecological significance and functional diversity in soil ecosystems.

PMID:40137528 | PMC:PMC11945361 | DOI:10.3390/toxics13030201

Toxics. 2025 Mar 20;13(3):227. doi: 10.3390/toxics13030227.

ABSTRACT

Mesoplastics are emerging environmental pollutants that can pose a threat to the environment. Researching mesoplastics is crucial as they bridge the gap between macroplastics and microplastics by determining their role in plastic fragmentation and pathways, as well as their ecological impact. Investigating mesoplastic sources will help develop targeted policies and mitigation strategies to address plastic pollution. These pollutants are found across aquatic, terrestrial, and agricultural ecosystems. Unlike microplastics, mesoplastics are reviewed in the scientific literature. This paper focuses on existing published research on mesoplastics, determining the trends and synthesizing key findings related to mesoplastic pollution. Research primarily focused on marine and freshwater ecosystems, with surface water and beach sediments being the most studied compartments. Mesoplastics research often offers baseline data, with increased publications from 2014 to 2024, particularly in East Asia. However, certain ecosystems and regions remain underrepresented. Also, mesoplastics can disrupt ecosystems by degrading biodiversity, contaminating soils and waters, and affecting food chains. Mesoplastics can also become vectors for additives and pathogenic microorganisms, highlighting their environmental risks. Various factors influence mesoplastics' prevalence, including anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic activities. With this, future research should expand into less-studied ecosystems and regions, explore mesoplastic interactions with pollutants and organisms, and promote public awareness, education, and policy measures to reduce plastic use and mitigate pollution globally.

PMID:40137554 | PMC:PMC11946039 | DOI:10.3390/toxics13030227

Nanomaterials (Basel). 2025 Mar 19;15(6):467. doi: 10.3390/nano15060467.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (MPs) and antibiotics are widely detected in water bodies. However, the adsorption behavior and mechanism of different particle size polystyrene (PS) MPs on macrolide antibiotics under natural aging remain to be elucidated. In this study, potassium persulfate (K₂S₂O₈) was used to simulate the natural aging process of PS MPs. The adsorption behavior and mechanism of different size PS (80 and 400 μm) toward azithromycin (AZI), clarithromycin (CLA), and erythromycin (ERY) were investigated. Results of SEM showed that the surface roughness of aged PS MPs increased with the appearance of cracks, pits, and pores. XPS and FTIR analyses showed enhanced C=O functional groups in the aging process. The adsorption isotherm models revealed that the aging processes enhanced the AZI, CLA, and ERY adsorption tendency, as evidenced by the highest adsorption capacity for aged-80 μm (645, 665, 184 mg/kg) > original-80 μm (412, 420, 120 mg/kg), and aged-400 μm (280, 330, 110 mg/kg) > original-400 μm (197, 308, 100 mg/kg). Kinetic model fitting revealed that the adsorption process occurred in three stages: rapid, slow, and saturation. Adsorption kinetic curves for original and aged PS MPs conformed to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. In contrast, the adsorption isotherm data fit the Langmuir model, indicating that the process primarily involved uniform monolayer chemical adsorption. Our findings provide insights into the substantial changes in the interactions between PS and macrolide antibiotics with aging processes.

PMID:40137640 | PMC:PMC11945099 | DOI:10.3390/nano15060467

Environ Health Perspect. 2025 Mar 26. doi: 10.1289/EHP14873. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Micro/nanoplastics and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are emerging environmental contaminants widely detected in aquatic environments. However, previous research has primarily focused on the interactions between micro/nanoplastics and organic substances or heavy metals, while the interactions and combined toxic effects of micro/nanoplastics with AgNPs remain unclear.

OBJECTIVE: Our study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of co-exposure to AgNPs and polystyrene micro/nanospheres (PS M/NPs) on the nervous system, comparing the toxicity of AgNPs alone and in combination with PS M/NPs in larval zebrafish.

METHODS: We investigated the dynamics of AgNPs (5 nm) adsorption onto PS M/NPs (5 µm/100 nm) using ICP-MS. Zebrafish larvae were co-exposed to PS M/NPs (200 µg/L) and AgNPs (10 µg/L) from 6 hpf to 72 hpf~120 hpf to evaluate neuroinflammatory effects from multiple perspectives, including developmental abnormalities, oxidative stress, neurobehavioral differences, vascular development, immune responses, differences in gene expression, and differences upon neuroinflammation inhibitor addition.

RESULTS: Adsorption experiments showed PS M/NPs could stably adsorb AgNPs, with higher adsorption in smaller particles. Zebrafish larvae exposed to combined PS M/NPs and AgNPs demonstrated neurodevelopmental abnormalities, including developmental malformations, lower levels of locomotor activity, delayed response, and abnormal neuronal development. Additionally, exposed zebrafish also exhibited disrupted neurodevelopmental markers, including vascular and apoptotic indicators, and oxidative stress and neuroimmune responses. RT-qPCR analysis showed differences in gene expression within neurotoxic pathways in PS M/NPs and AgNPs-exposed zebrafish, focusing on key genes in immunity, apoptosis, vascular, and neural development. Furthermore, these neurotoxic effects induced by combined exposure were alleviated following the introduction of the neuroinflammation inhibitor curcumin.

DISCUSSION: Our findings demonstrate that PSNPs intensified AgNPs-induced neurotoxicity in larval zebrafish, whereas PSMPs had a lesser effect, indicating distinct gene regulation roles when combined with AgNPs. These findings enhance the assessment of environmental risks in settings with coexisting nanomaterials and microplastics, offering important insights for evaluating combined exposure risks. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14873.

PMID:40138633 | DOI:10.1289/EHP14873

Sci Total Environ. 2025 Mar 25;974:179201. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179201. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The omnipresence of Microplastics (MPs) is a growing global concern. Using sewage sludge as fertilizer for soil amendment can be a potential source of MPs in agricultural soil if sludge contains MPs. Sludge is a complex matrix rich in organic matter, which hinders MPs separation. For maximal organic matter degradation, in this study, the application of Fenton reagents optimized for (Fe²⁺/H₂O₂) molar ratios, i.e., 1/2, 1/4, 1/6, 1/8, and 1/10. The results show that a molar ratio of 1/2 of Fe²⁺/H₂O₂ can remove 86.6 % of the organic matter in the sewage sludge. The greenness of the optimized method was assessed and compared to available methods using AGREEprep software. The method achieved a greenness score of 0.61, significantly higher than the highest score of 0.45 among the previously reported optimized methods. This optimized method was used in the analysis of MPs in sewage sludge from 14 sewage treatment plants in Ahmedabad. Also, the ecological risks due to the application of such sludge in agriculture were assessed. MPs analysis reveals variability in MPs contamination ranging from 2.43 to 22.72 × 10³ units/kg of sludge. Small-sized MPs (0.05-0.25 mm) constitute the highest proportion (65 %), predominantly comprising fibers and fragments. From a chemical composition point of view, six different types of MPs are identified, among which PU, Nylon, HDPE, and PP are the most abundant. Ecological risk assessment indicated extreme hazards in terms of the potential ecological risk index being higher than 1200 for all the sludge samples due to the abundance of MPs, specifically of PU and Nylon.

PMID:40138911 | DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179201

Environ Int. 2025 Mar 14;198:109377. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2025.109377. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The presence of microplastics in the human body and their potential health risks have drawn widespread attention in recent years. Microplastics have been detected in human blood, though their pathways of entry remain unclear. This study employed Raman spectroscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy to evaluate the microplastic release characteristics of intravenous medical devices, aiming to investigate the influencing factors and the risk of microplastics entering the bloodstream. The results showed that microplastics were found in three widely-used medical devices, with abundances ranging from 0.44 to 2.00 items/n. Polyethylene, polypropylene (46.2 %), fragments (96.7 %), and white (86.8 %) were the predominant characteristics. Factors such as brand, specifications, and usage scenarios influence microplastic release, leading to differences in detection rates among different medical devices (0-100%). Repeated use significantly increases the risk of microplastic release (p < 0.05). Notably, built-in filtration membranes do not completely retain microplastics and may pose a risk of shedding fibers themselves. Using the exposure assessment model, the estimated microplastic release per person per year was 3.75 items for syringe, 6.22 items for infusion set, and 0.35 items for vein detained needle. Overall, although the amount of microplastics entering the human body through intravenous injection is significantly lower than that from dietary exposure and other pathways, the risk of direct entry into the bloodstream remains a concern. This research provides critical evidence for understanding the direct pathways and risks of microplastic exposure in human blood from plastic medical devices, offering significant scientific value for assessing exposure pathways and the safety of medical device use.

PMID:40139033 | DOI:10.1016/j.envint.2025.109377

Toxics. 2025 Feb 28;13(3):181. doi: 10.3390/toxics13030181.

ABSTRACT

Mussels serve as indicators of anthropogenic chemical pollution; however, the effects of microplastics and plastic-related chemicals on their health performance remain an emerging issue. In this study, mussels were exposed to a polyamide (PA; 5 μg/L) and tricresyl phosphate (TCP; 1 μg/L) for 28 days. The exposures to the two contaminants were performed independently or in combination and lasted 28 days. The results showed that the independent exposure altered enzyme activities more significantly than the combined one. Exposure to the PA significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited the antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT) by 43.5% and the neurotransmitter enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by 40.6%, while TCP specifically inhibited carboxylesterase (CE) activity by 38.5%, all in respect to the solvent control. When both pollutants were combined, most biomarker responses were similar to control levels. To further investigate if the mussels' response to contaminants (here, chemical compounds only) could be population-specific, a comparative study between Atlantic and Mediterranean mussels was included. Firstly, baseline detoxification defenses were contrasted in the digestive glands of each mussel population, followed by an assessment of in vitro responses to a wide range of plastic additives. The results revealed that Mediterranean mussels expressed higher baseline activities for most detoxification enzymes, although the in vitro sensitivity to the targeted chemicals was similar in both populations. Of all the plastic additives tested, TCP significantly inhibited CE activity both in vivo and in vitro. The in vitro screening also indicated that other plastic additives could act as strong inhibitors of CE. However, additional in vivo exposures in mussels are needed to confirm CE suitability as a biomarker of these chemical exposures. All together, these results also suggest critical population-level differences in susceptibility to microplastic pollution, highlighting a need for targeted conservation efforts.

PMID:40137508 | PMC:PMC11945407 | DOI:10.3390/toxics13030181

Toxics. 2025 Feb 26;13(3):165. doi: 10.3390/toxics13030165.

ABSTRACT

Microplastic (MP) pollution is a major environmental problem, but a comparative study of the toxicological effects of different MPs remains lacking. To explore the toxicological effects of three different microplastics, namely, polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene (PE), Zhenhai brown frog (Rana zhenhaiensis) tadpoles were used as the model animal. The results showed that exposure to PE and PS significantly reduced the metamorphosis rate of the tadpoles. Compared with the control group, the body weight of tadpoles in all MP treatments was significantly reduced compared with that of the control group. In addition, exposure to PE reduced the body length and hind limb length of tadpoles. The number of pigment cells increased and intercellular spaces expanded in the liver tissues of tadpoles receiving PS and PE treatments. The composition and function of the intestinal microbiota in the PP treatment and control groups were similar, whereas between the PS treatment and control, they differed. Liver transcriptome sequencing revealed significant alterations in key genes associated with oxidative stress, energy metabolism, immune response, and apoptosis signaling pathways with PS treatment and PP treatment. In summary, MPs may have harmed tadpoles to varying degrees by interfering with related signaling pathways. The negative effects of PE and PS were greater than those of PP.

PMID:40137492 | PMC:PMC11945619 | DOI:10.3390/toxics13030165

J Hazard Mater. 2025 Mar 22;491:138015. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138015. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Significant share of microplastics entering wastewater treatment is accumulated in sewage sludge, which is commonly treated by anaerobic digestion. The digestate is typically separated to solid and liquid fractions, and the solid fraction is often land-applied. However, the division of microplastics between these fractions is poorly understood. Thus, we investigated the occurrence of microplastics (>20 μm) at an anaerobic digester and the subsequent solid-liquid separation. Sewage sludge and digestate exhibited 7600 ± 6800 and 7200 ± 1100 microplastics per g dry weight, respectively, indicating that anaerobic digestion can decrease the fluctuation in microplastics' occurrence in sewage sludge. The microplastic flow was predominantly directed to the solid fraction, while the liquid fraction carried about 1 % of the microplastics, mostly polymers with low density (polyethylene and polypropylene). We also investigated factors affecting microplastics' identification by Raman spectroscopy. Microplastic degradation and presence of organic matter after oxidative digestion in the sample preparation, and anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge affected the spectra of different microplastics. For polyethylene and polypropylene, these changes did not interfere with recognizing their characteristic peaks, allowing high-certainty identification. In contrast, polyamide identification was notably compromised as signal-to-noise ratio can be deteriorated and natural organic matter can be misidentified as polyamide.

PMID:40138947 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138015

Mar Pollut Bull. 2025 Mar 25;215:117862. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.117862. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (MPs) are plastic particles smaller than 5 mm and are pervasive in numerous marine environments. The aim of the present study was to determine the presence of MPs in the Pemecou sea catfish (Sciades herzbergii) collected in the harbor area of Coqueiros Strait on Maranhão Island in the city of São Luís, state of Maranhão, Brazil. Forty individuals were captured in the rainy and dry seasons. Gastrointestinal tissues were analyzed after digestion in 10 % potassium hydroxide, followed by filtration and analysis by optical microscopy. MPs were detected in 100 % of the individuals, the total amount found was 511 fibers, 353 fragments, and 12 pellets. The most prevalent concentrations were found in adult females, who had an average of 26.63 MPs per individual. These results are relevant for the environmental monitoring of the study area, especially in the context of contamination by MPs in port environments, with possible implications for human health and environmental conservation. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: The present work evaluates the environmental quality of a significant port area on the Amazon coast in the State of Maranhão, where Sciades herzbergii specimens were analyzed to assess microplastic contamination levels. The study found substantial quantities of microplastic fibers in all specimens across multiple collection sites, with notable seasonal variations in fiber colors, suggesting diverse sources and dispersion mechanisms. The results indicate that S. herzbergii can serve as a bioindicator of microplastic pollution in the region, providing valuable information for monitoring the impact of marine debris in coastal environments.

PMID:40138958 | DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.117862