Microplastics

Sci Total Environ. 2025 Jul 4;993:180016. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180016. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastic (MP) fibers are pervasive in the environment, posing significant ecological risks due to their persistence and potential toxicity. Accurate quantification of fiber volume is crucial for assessing its environmental flux and ecological impacts. Traditional methods, reliant on geometric assumptions, often miscalculate the volume of complex-shaped fibers, particularly those with curvature, due to limitations in accurately extracting length and width. This study introduces a novel framework leveraging machine learning and image recognition to estimate MP fiber volume. Our volume estimation model incorporates shape descriptors and additional two-dimensional (2D) features, such as area, allowing it to learn volumetric patterns across diverse fiber and fragment shapes. Compared to geometric models, it demonstrated superior performance, achieving 89.43 % accuracy and a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 10.58 % ± 4.30 % in external testing with real-world MP samples. Error analysis indicates that our machine learning approach overcomes the limitations of geometric assumptions. Interpretability analysis highlights area as the most significant feature for volume estimation, followed by aspect ratio, circularity, and solidity for fibrous MPs. This study underscores the potential of machine learning in MP volume estimation, offering a valuable tool for environmental scientists and policymakers to better understand and manage MP pollution.

PMID:40617101 | DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180016

Environ Pollut. 2025 Jul 3:126729. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126729. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (MPs) are widely distributed in the environment, and their potential effects on human health are gaining increasing attention. Yet the relationship between MPs and Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remains unexplored. The types and composition of MPs varied between tumor and normal tissues analyzed by laser direct infrared spectroscopy (LDIR), scanning electron microscopy, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Notably, fluororubber levels were elevated in the tumor tissues. Tumor tissues exhibited significantly higher levels of total MPs, PE, and PVC compared to normal tissues. Transcriptomic sequencing analysis showed in the MPs high group, upregulated genes were significantly enriched in signaling pathways associated with tumor progression, accompanied by remodeling of the immune microenvironment. A positive correlation was observed between hemoglobin levels and the abundance of total MPs, while thrombin time showed a negative correlation. Furthermore, higher MPs levels were associated with males, individuals living in urban areas, working indoors, and wearing masks compared to other groups. This study revealed the widespread presence of MPs in ccRCC, highlighting significant differences in abundance and composition between tumor and normal tissues. These findings provide a novel perspective on the potential health risks posed by MPs and offer valuable insights into promoting healthier lifestyles.

PMID:40617390 | DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126729

J Hazard Mater. 2025 Jul 2;495:139130. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139130. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

This study investigated how microplastic (MP) hybridization influence the environmental behavior of per(poly)fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), with a focus on the bioaccumulation and phytotoxicity of Eichhornia crassipes, a macrophyte employed for phytoremediation. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluoro-2-methyl-3-oxahexanoic acid (GenX) were selected as the targeted PFASs, and polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), and polystyrene (PS) were selected as the model MPs. Compared with previous co-exposure studies, this study considered the exposed polymer component, and innovatively introduced Simpson diversity (SDI) index to evaluate the component evenness and complexity, thereby quantifying the MP hybridization. Results revealed that at environmentally relevant concentrations, increased MP hybridization significantly enhanced the PFOA (k = 0.462) and GenX (k = 0.455) bioaccumulation in E. crassipes, with GenX exhibiting a greater sensitivity to colloidal interactions than PFOA. Although pure MPs initially promoted the PFOA/GenX removal by E. crassipes from the water column, this effect diminished with MP hybridization. This phenomenon is likely attributed to increased MP self-assembly and colloidal enlargement, thereby hindering PFOA/GenX adsorption onto the MPs. However, the enhanced rhizosphere filtration provided by MP hybridization led to a greater overall PFOA/GenX accumulation to E. crassipes. Furthermore, MP hybridization exacerbated lipid peroxidation and amplified the integrated toxicological responses in E. crassipes under coexposure to PFOA/GenX. Interestingly, despite the prevalence of antagonistic effects between MPs and PFOA/GenX, these effects decreased with increasing MP hybridization.

PMID:40616992 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139130

Environ Pollut. 2025 Jul 3:126773. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126773. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

This study investigates microplastics(MPs) in the water layer, viscous sublayer and sediment layer of Baiyangdian(BYD), while also exploring their spatio-temporal and vertical distribution characteristics, as well as associated ecological risks. The results indicate that microplastic abundance in the living area of BYD was the highest during both wet and dry periods. with differing sources being the primary factors influencing the distribution of MPs. During the wet period, the vertical distribution of MPs was highest in the water layer (1900±824 n·m^-3), followed by the viscous sublayer (1625±362 n·kg^-1) and sediment layer (1375±249 n·kg^-1). Conversely, during the depleted period, the abundance distribution exhibited an opposite pattern, with significant changes in vertical distribution influenced by seasonal. Factors such as vertical flow velocities in the water column, shape, specific surface area, polymer type, and biological interactions significantly influence the vertical abundance of MPs, highlighting the critical role of the viscous sublayer at the sediment-water interface in this distribution. The ecological risk assessment model for MPs shows that BYD's risk index is low and unlikely to harm human health.This study elucidates the current distribution of MPs within the BYD ecosystem and provides a foundation for assessing potential pollution risks in the area.

PMID:40617387 | DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126773

Environ Pollut. 2025 Jul 3:126772. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126772. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the ingestion of microplastics (MPs) by zooplankton in the surf zone of southwestern Atlantic sandy beaches, an extremely turbulent environment with high interaction between suspended particles. Sampling was conducted on November 22 and June 23 to assess the presence of MPs in the surf zone water column and dominant zooplankton (Acartia tonsa, Paracalanus parvus, Euterpina acutifrons) and to analyze ingestion patterns across species and beaches. Results showed MP concentrations in seawater ranging from 400 to 1750 items m^-3, with fibers accounting for 92%, predominantly in transparent, blue, and black. Ingested MPs ranged from 0.07 to 0.24 items individual^-1, based on the analysis of 350 individuals of A. tonsa, 500 of P. parvus, and 500 of E. acutifrons. Fibers made up 74% of ingested particles. Chlorinated polyethylene dominated seawater and polypropylene zooplankton. Different tendencies in species-specific MP ingestion were observed, with A. tonsa consuming a wider variety of MP types and sizes than P. parvus and E. acutifrons. Fibers were the most common type of ingested MPs, followed by fragments and films. Ingestion rates were low, but copepods retained from 7.2 to 1048.1 items m^-3, demonstrating their high potential as reservoirs of MPs. This study provides evidence of MP ingestion by zooplankton in surf zones, highlighting their role as entry points within coastal food webs. Additionally, it highlights the importance of understanding species-specific responses to MP exposure, which is crucial for accurately assessing the ecological risks associated with plastic pollution in coastal marine environments.

PMID:40617388 | DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126772

Environ Pollut. 2025 Jul 3:126755. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126755. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The global proliferation of dams has raised concerns about their environmental impact, yet their role in microplastic transport in rivers remains unclear. Our study integrated existing data on the distribution characteristics of microplastics from 517 sampling sites within 100 km of dams to understand the influence of dam operations on the microplastic transport process in rivers. Results demonstrated that microplastics exhibited a higher abundance and diversity in reservoirs than in the upstream and downstream areas. Upstream microplastic levels negatively correlated with distance from the dam, while downstream sediment showed increased microplastic accumulation during wet seasons. Fibrous microplastics were the most prevalent in both water and sediment, with their abundance decling with distance from the dam, both in the sediment upstream of the dam and in the water downstream of the dam. Microplastic communities were compositionally similar across regions within the same environmental component. The conditional fragmentation models indicated significant microplastic fragmentation downstream of the dam. Our results enhance our understanding of the environmental behavior and migration process of microplastics in dammed rivers, and provide valuable reference for an accurate prediction of microplastic transport fluxes and the development of microplastic pollution mitigation technology.

PMID:40617389 | DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126755

Free Radic Biol Med. 2025 Jul 3:S0891-5849(25)00810-X. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2025.07.006. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Globally, approximately 80% of wastewater is discharged into aquatic environments without proper treatment, introducing hazardous compounds into ecosystems. Pollutant interactions can cause synergistic toxicity in aquatic organisms; however, their combined effects remain poorly understood. Zebrafish (Danio rerio H.) were exposed to polystyrene (PS) microplastics and 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) for 21 d, followed by pathological analysis, enzyme activity assays, and quantitative real-time PCR to assess metabolism- and immunity-related gene expression. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were conducted to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of PS- and MT-induced toxicity in the liver and brain. In the liver tissue, dysregulation of lipid metabolism genes (CYP1A/3A, PPARα, and SREBP-1) led to excessive lipid accumulation and hepatic steatosis. In brain tissue, reduced glutathione peroxidase activity, coupled with elevated glutathione reductase and cytochrome P450 activities, exacerbated oxidative stress, compromising neuronal integrity. Exposure to PS and MT significantly upregulated inflammatory genes (TNF-α and IL-1β) and downregulated oxidative stress-related genes (GPx4b, Nrf2, and HO-1) in both tissues, intensifying oxidative damage and inflammatory responses. Combined analysis of liver metabolomics and brain transcriptomics revealed that PS and MT exposure significantly disrupted sphingolipid metabolism. Hepatic metabolic disorders may affect brain function via the liver-brain axis by activating neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction and calcium signaling pathways, thereby disrupting neurotransmitter homeostasis and causing neuronal damage.

PMID:40617460 | DOI:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2025.07.006

J Hazard Mater. 2025 Jul 1;495:139121. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139121. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastic (MP) pollution poses an urgent environmental challenge. UV-based disinfection processes generate oxidative radicals (e.g., hydroxyl (HO^•) and chloride radicals (Cl^•, Cl₂^•¯)), which may alter MPs' polymer structures during water treatment. However, their impacts on MPs' characteristics and environmental behaviors remain insufficiently understood. This study evaluated UV/H₂O₂, UV/chlorine, and UV/peracetic acid treatments on polystyrene, polyethylene, and polyvinyl chloride MPs. Spectroscopic and microscopic analysis revealed significant morphological changes, including surface cracks and pits. Chemically, oxygen-containing functional groups (e.g., carboxyl, hydroxyl) formed, while water contact angle tests showed decreased hydrophobicity. LC-MS identified various low- and high-molecular-weight degradation products. Acute toxicity assessments (using ECOSAR software) indicated that small-molecule products from polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride MPs showed high toxicity, while medium-molecule products from polyethylene MPs also exhibited notable toxicity. These findings highlight the formation of potentially hazardous byproducts during UV-based disinfection. We further assessed the natural decomposition of aged MPs across different water matrices and their sorption behavior toward hydrophobic and hydrophilic micropollutants in mixed wastewater. This research aims to provide critical insights into MPs' transformations during UV-based treatments, informing strategies for mitigating MP pollution while minimizing associated environmental risks.

PMID:40614420 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139121

Water Res. 2025 Jun 30;285:124137. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2025.124137. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (MPs) have garnered global concern, yet the environmental implications of their aging remain poorly understood. Especially, their interactions with co-occurring pollutants and impacts on biogeochemical processes in wetland sediments require further investigation. Through microcosm experiments, this study systematically elucidated the differential effects of pristine vs. aged MPs on γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH) behavior and methanogenesis. Aged MPs exhibited enhanced γ-HCH adsorption (666.7 vs. 500.0 mg kg^-1 for pristine MPs), yet paradoxically inhibited γ-HCH dissipation in wetland sediments. This demonstrates that previous studies might oversimplify the interaction between MPs and pollutants. Concurrently, Dhc functional gene abundance on aged MP-surface biofilms declined sharply from 3015.4 to 811.4 copies g^-1 dw over 60 days, suggesting impaired functional microorganisms. Notably, aged MPs amplified CH₄ production (1.64 ± 0.10 vs. 1.25 ± 0.15 mg kg^-1 day^-1 pristine MPs) and H₂O₂ generation (2.62 ± 0.12 vs. 2.06 ± 0.05 mmol L^-1 pristine MPs), with reduced microbial complexity and stability. Mechanistically, aging altered MP surface properties, selectively enriching mcrA functional genes and methanogenic archaea (Methanomassiliicoccus and Methanosarcina). These findings show aged MPs in suppressing pollutant dissipation (γ-HCH) while accelerating elemental cycling (CH₄), driven by reactive oxygen species and microbiome shifts. Given the widespread occurrence of aged MPs in wetlands, this study underscores their underappreciated yet critical influence on wetland sediment biogeochemistry, urging prioritized research to mitigate their cascading potential risks.

PMID:40614495 | DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2025.124137

Water Res. 2025 Jun 24;285:124104. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2025.124104. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Currently micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) and microalgal toxins have become two typical groups of emerging contaminants in various coastal regions worldwide. However, the knowledge about their combined effects on marine organisms is still limited. This study explored the single and combined effects of polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs) at 50 mg L^-1 and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) at 1 µmol L^-1 (819 μg l^-1) on the diatom Thalassiosira minima. Results showed that the growth of T. minima was reduced by 22 ± 1.6 %, 53 ± 2.7 %, and 40 ± 2.8 % in DTX1, PSNPs, and their combined treatments, respectively. The maximum adsorption potential of DTX1 on PSNPs reached 78 % after 24 h, which might explain the antagonistic effect of PSNPs and DTX1 on growth and oxidative stress parameters. However, they demonstrated an additive effect on chlorophyll a biosynthesis, nitrogen assimilation, and the silicification of diatoms. The coupling of the silica to nitrogen (Si:N) uptake ratio in diatoms was significantly altered; extracellular dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in the treatment of PSNPs was reduced by 11.3 ± 4.1 %, while it increased by 47.9 ± 14 % and 60.4 ± 6.9 % in treatments with DTX1 and the combined treatment, respectively. Silicification of T. minima was reduced by 50 ± 5.9 % and 49 ± 1.8 % in treatments with DTX1 alone and the combined treatment, respectively. These findings suggest that DTX1 exposure results in an increase in N uptake and a decrease in Si uptake, demonstrating an inverse effect on the uptake of nutrients. Transcriptome analysis revealed downregulation of some amino acid genes possibly accounts for this change. This study is significant for understanding the combined effects of microplastics and phycotoxins on diatoms.

PMID:40614502 | DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2025.124104

Toxicol Rep. 2025 Jan 30;14:101938. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101938. eCollection 2025 Jun.

ABSTRACT

Plastic pollution has become a pressing global environmental and public health challenge, raising significant concerns about its potential effects on human health. While extensive research has been conducted on micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs), there remains a critical gap in understanding how these plastic particles traverse the maternal-fetal interface and contribute to reproductive anomalies. This review aims to address this knowledge gap by examining the effects of MNPs on the fetoplacental unit, a vital structure that serves as the interface between the mother and fetus during pregnancy, as well as on the broader reproductive system. Traditionally viewed as a protective barrier safeguarding the fetus, emerging evidence suggests that the placenta may also act as a site for the accumulation of plastic particles, thereby compromising its function. A literature search was conducted using a combination of keywords on Google Scholar and PubMed including 'plastic particles affect the fetoplacental unit', 'how plastic particles traverse the maternal-fetal contact', and reproductive abnormalities induced by micro/nano-plastics'. Key studies show that plastic particles can traverse the maternal-fetal interface, potentially exposing developing fetuses to various harmful chemicals present in plastics, such as endocrine disruptors and persistent organic pollutants. Once in contact with the fetoplacental unit, these particles may trigger inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, and even epigenetic modifications. They also bioaccumulate in testes, altering spermatogenesis, spermatozoa morphology, testosterone production, body weights, and inflammation as reported in mice. Such disruptions can increase the risk of developmental and reproductive disorders in the fetus, suggesting that exposure to plastic particles may carry long-term health implications. Further studies highlight the particular vulnerability of the fetoplacental unit to plastic particles. The placenta has limited detoxifying capabilities and unique immunological regulation, making it especially sensitive to foreign particles. Identifying critical windows of susceptibility during pregnancy is germane, as exposure to plastic particles during these periods could have heightened effects on fetal development. This growing concern underscores the urgent need for comprehensive research into the mechanisms through which plastic particles impact the fetoplacental unit. Additionally, this review calls for stronger measures to mitigate plastic pollution and recommends health strategies aimed at protecting future generations from potential harm. It synthesizes recent findings on the ways in which these particles influence the fetoplacental unit and the broader reproductive system.

PMID:40612654 | PMC:PMC12223432 | DOI:10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101938

Mikrochim Acta. 2025 Jul 4;192(8):476. doi: 10.1007/s00604-025-07335-2.

ABSTRACT

In situ detection of microplastics in aquatic environments remains challenging, with factors such as variable salinity significantly impacting sensor performance-particularly for systems that rely on electrical signal transduction. Here, we present an electro-microfluidic sensor incorporating a Wheatstone bridge and MXene-coated microwires for enhanced in situ detection of microplastics in salty water. The sensor significantly improves upon state-of-the-art technology by addressing key challenges, including reduced sensitivity and detection limits in saline water, clogging, reliance on sophisticated fabrication methods, and the need for baseline blank solutions. Using a simple DC current, the sensor effectively detects polystyrene microplastics (1-10 µm) within a concentration range 1-25 ppm, in the presence of 0-1000 ppm NaCl, representative of freshwater salinity. As a DC current is applied between two MXene-coated microwire electrodes in a microchannel, an electrophoretic force is generated, concentrating microplastics at the anode electrode. This leads to a reduction in electrical resistance, which enables the quantification of microplastics using the sensor as one of the arms of a Wheatstone bridge. Without the Wheatstone bridge and microwire MXene coating, the sensor's sensitivity significantly diminished at salinity levels above 650 ppm NaCl, especially for larger microplastics (10 µm). Bridge balancing suppressed baseline drift and raised the signal-to-noise ratio, retaining full sensitivity at 1000 ppm NaCl. The optimized sensor demonstrated a power-law response at 650 ppm NaCl and achieved limits of detection and quantification of 0.825 and 3.38 ppm, respectively. This work lays the foundation for low-cost, portable, and sensitive microplastic detection in saline aquatic samples, paving the way towards developing real-time, in situ sensors for environmental monitoring.

PMID:40613888 | DOI:10.1007/s00604-025-07335-2

Environ Monit Assess. 2025 Jul 4;197(8):859. doi: 10.1007/s10661-025-14305-x.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (MPs), small plastic particles increasingly accumulating in the environment and encountered by humans, pose a particular risk to children due to their heightened vulnerability compared to adults. This study pioneered biological monitoring of MPs and investigated the presence and potential exposure of MPs in the saliva and on the hands of young children attending kindergartens in Kerman, Iran. A sample of 100 children aged 3 to 6 years was randomly selected from five kindergartens across five districts (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5). Following sample digestion and filtration, MPs were identified and classified under an optical microscope. Micro-Raman spectroscopy was employed to analyze the composition of MPs. The study identified a total of 716 MPs, with the majority (299, 41.7%) being black. The number of microplastics on hands and saliva increased by 55.9% and 11.8%, respectively, after entering kindergarten. Most MPs observed were smaller than 100 µm. Micro-Raman spectroscopy analysis of six fibers revealed four composed of polystyrene (PS), one of nylon, and one of low-density polyethylene (LDPE). The average number of MPs on children's hands upon kindergarten entry was 1.85 ± 1.39, increasing significantly to 4.2 ± 3.05 after kindergarten entry (p-value < 0.0001). This research highlighted the significant role of kindergarten flooring in determining MPs' presence in children. Specifically, the presence of tatami flooring correlated with higher MPs' levels.

PMID:40614002 | DOI:10.1007/s10661-025-14305-x

BMC Plant Biol. 2025 Jul 4;25(1):876. doi: 10.1186/s12870-025-06891-2.

ABSTRACT

Microplastic pollution has emerged as a critical global environmental concern, particularly within agricultural ecosystems where its impact on forage production is highly significant. This study used a hydroponic system to investigate the potential effect of polyethylene (PE) microplastics at different concentrations (20, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 mg/L) and particle sizes (200 nm, 25 μm, and 200 μm) on the growth of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), with no added PE microplastics (0 mg/L) as a control. Our findings indicate that PE microplastics, especially those with a particle size of 200 nm, significantly inhibit ryegrass seed germination. The presence of microplastics disrupts normal water uptake in ryegrass and suppresses biomass accumulation, with the inhibitory effects intensifying as microplastic concentrations increase. Overall, ryegrass seed germination and seedling growth are adversely affected by microplastic exposure levels, with the extent of impact closely associated with both the quantity and size of the microplastics present.

PMID:40615963 | DOI:10.1186/s12870-025-06891-2

Mar Pollut Bull. 2025 Jul 3;220:118365. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118365. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastic pollution in coastal environments is an escalating global concern, yet its spatial distribution and accumulation dynamics remain inadequately addressed. This study pioneers the use of an integrated Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model to predict microplastic accumulation zones along Kelantan's coast, Malaysia. Leveraging key environmental variables including shoreline erosion, tidal influence, and sediment transport which the model demonstrates high predictive accuracy (R² = 0.972), identifying erosion-prone areas as significant deposition zones. The strong correlation between tidal dynamics and microplastic abundance highlights the influence of hydrodynamic forces on pollution patterns. As one of the first applications of ANN modeling in Malaysian coastal environments, this research offers a scalable, data-driven tool for coastal managers to optimize pollution control strategies. These findings provide critical insights for targeted marine pollution interventions, contributing to ongoing global efforts to protect vulnerable coastal ecosystems.

PMID:40614407 | DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118365

Mar Pollut Bull. 2025 Jul 3;220:118378. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118378. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP), also known as fiberglass, is a widely used composite material in marine, transportation, and construction industries because of its high strength, lightweight properties, and corrosion resistance. While FRPs are advantageous for these applications, the disposal and recycling of FRPs, especially in boats, remain challenging. The global FRP market valued at $3.9 billion USD in 2022. An increasing number of FRP vessels are reaching the end of their lifecycle, amounting to a global total of 250,000 to 500,000 tons of end-of-life vessels each year, contributing to environmental concerns. FRP boats, which have been popular since the 1950s, are often disposed of in landfills, as recycling methods are limited. Abandoned vessels pose hazards to navigation, ecosystems, and human health, releasing pollutants and breaking down into microplastics. Countries are exploring alternatives such as pyrolysis and recycling programs, although progress varies. An extended producer responsibility (EPR) system, which funds boat recycling, is an example of a proactive policy. However, broader efforts are needed to improve the recycling infrastructure and research sustainable materials. Addressing the environmental impact of FRP vessels requires collaborative research, policy development, and innovative solutions such as eco-design and improved recycling methods, especially as the global demand for boats and FRP materials continues to grow.

PMID:40614403 | DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118378

Mol Neurobiol. 2025 Jul 4. doi: 10.1007/s12035-025-05174-z. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The widespread production of plastic in all daily appliances and its poor non-biodegradable characteristics along with toxic plasticizers pose significant risks to human health, leading to several life-threatening conditions, including neurological illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Microplastics (MPs) (101 nm-5 mm) and nanoplastics (NPs) (≤ 100 nm) infiltrate the human body via the respiratory system, digestive tract, and dermal absorption, resulting in the alteration of numerous biological and cellular processes, including apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, DNA damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation, among others. The bioaccumulation of MPs and NPs disrupts the gut-brain axis, resulting in memory impairment, synapse malfunction, and ultimately cognitive deficits. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehend the molecular mechanisms by which MPs and NPs disrupt cellular function to assess their hazards to human health. This review explores the formation, behavior, toxicity, pollution, and health effects of MPs and NPs, while highlighting research gaps to encourage further studies on their unique properties and biological interactions. This review further elucidates the detrimental impact of MPs and NPs on the development and progression of neurological illnesses, as well as management strategies to alleviate the toxic effects of exposure to these substances.

PMID:40615763 | DOI:10.1007/s12035-025-05174-z

Environ Monit Assess. 2025 Jul 4;197(8):859. doi: 10.1007/s10661-025-14305-x.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (MPs), small plastic particles increasingly accumulating in the environment and encountered by humans, pose a particular risk to children due to their heightened vulnerability compared to adults. This study pioneered biological monitoring of MPs and investigated the presence and potential exposure of MPs in the saliva and on the hands of young children attending kindergartens in Kerman, Iran. A sample of 100 children aged 3 to 6 years was randomly selected from five kindergartens across five districts (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5). Following sample digestion and filtration, MPs were identified and classified under an optical microscope. Micro-Raman spectroscopy was employed to analyze the composition of MPs. The study identified a total of 716 MPs, with the majority (299, 41.7%) being black. The number of microplastics on hands and saliva increased by 55.9% and 11.8%, respectively, after entering kindergarten. Most MPs observed were smaller than 100 µm. Micro-Raman spectroscopy analysis of six fibers revealed four composed of polystyrene (PS), one of nylon, and one of low-density polyethylene (LDPE). The average number of MPs on children's hands upon kindergarten entry was 1.85 ± 1.39, increasing significantly to 4.2 ± 3.05 after kindergarten entry (p-value < 0.0001). This research highlighted the significant role of kindergarten flooring in determining MPs' presence in children. Specifically, the presence of tatami flooring correlated with higher MPs' levels.

PMID:40614002 | DOI:10.1007/s10661-025-14305-x

Environ Monit Assess. 2025 Jul 4;197(8):861. doi: 10.1007/s10661-025-14316-8.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics represent an emerging category of long-lasting environmental contaminants that exhibit detrimental impacts not only on marine ecosystems but also demonstrate extensive distribution within terrestrial environments. Currently, soil contamination by microplastics has become a pressing ecological issue, yet scientific investigations focusing on phytological systems remain comparatively limited when contrasted with environmental studies of soil matrices. These synthetic particulates exert dual-phase influences on vegetation development through both direct phytotoxic impacts and indirect mediation via modifying soil physicochemical characteristics. Following their translocation into terrestrial systems and progressive bioaccumulation within plant tissues, microplastics may undergo trophic transfer through food chains, ultimately posing potential health risks to human populations. This review systematically examines contemporary research progress regarding microplastic interactions with pedospheric environments, botanical organisms, and co-existing contaminants, with particular emphasis on their ecological implications for soil functionality and vascular plant physiology. Prospective research directions are outlined to establish theoretical foundations for subsequent investigations concerning microplastic biogeochemical cycles and their ecotoxicological consequences in terrestrial ecosystems.

PMID:40615658 | DOI:10.1007/s10661-025-14316-8

Analyst. 2025 Jul 4. doi: 10.1039/d5an00358j. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (MPs) pollution has become a pressing environmental issue, significantly impacting marine ecosystems and food safety. These synthetic particles, defined as plastic fragments smaller than 5 mm, originate from various sources and have infiltrated marine habitats worldwide, from surface waters to deep-sea sediments. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of MPs contamination in marine organisms, highlighting global case studies and detection methodologies. MPs are ingested by marine life through direct uptake or trophic transfer, causing adverse biological effects, including growth inhibition, reproductive impairments, and bioaccumulation of toxic substances. Humans are exposed to MPs primarily through seafood consumption, raising concerns about potential health risks. We examine various detection techniques, including visual identification, spectroscopic methods (FTIR, Raman spectroscopy), and thermal analytical approaches (Py-GC/MS, TGA), evaluating their advantages and limitations. Despite significant research progress, challenges remain, particularly in detecting nanoplastics, standardizing methodologies, and understanding the long-term ecological and human health implications. Case studies from different regions demonstrate varying contamination levels, influenced by local environmental conditions, industrial activities, and waste management practices. This review emphasizes the need for improved monitoring, regulatory frameworks, and mitigation strategies to address the pervasive threat of MPs pollution. Future research should focus on refining detection technologies, assessing human health impacts, and implementing policy measures to reduce plastic emissions into marine environments.

PMID:40613441 | DOI:10.1039/d5an00358j

Ecotoxicology. 2025 Jul 4. doi: 10.1007/s10646-025-02930-8. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous in marine environments and have become a major source of environmental pollution. Although fragmented and fibrous MPs are the most abundant shapes in marine environment, studies on shape- and size-dependent MP toxicity in marine benthic bivalves remain limited. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the chronic effects of different shapes and sizes of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) MPs on Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum, and investigate their physiological and cellular responses. The mortality of R. philippinarum showed no changes at all concentrations of fragmented and fibrous MPs. The respiration rate of R. philippinarum induced by large fragmented MPs was recovered to the control level at 6 h, however, fibrous MPs significantly decreased compared to the control. In particular, fibrous MPs significantly increased and decreased filtration rate and lysosomal membrane stability, respectively, whereas the fragmented MPs showed no significant differences. These results enhance our understanding of the potential toxicological risks posed by MPs of various shapes and sizes to benthic organisms in marine environment.

PMID:40615601 | DOI:10.1007/s10646-025-02930-8

Toxicol Rep. 2025 Jan 30;14:101938. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101938. eCollection 2025 Jun.

ABSTRACT

Plastic pollution has become a pressing global environmental and public health challenge, raising significant concerns about its potential effects on human health. While extensive research has been conducted on micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs), there remains a critical gap in understanding how these plastic particles traverse the maternal-fetal interface and contribute to reproductive anomalies. This review aims to address this knowledge gap by examining the effects of MNPs on the fetoplacental unit, a vital structure that serves as the interface between the mother and fetus during pregnancy, as well as on the broader reproductive system. Traditionally viewed as a protective barrier safeguarding the fetus, emerging evidence suggests that the placenta may also act as a site for the accumulation of plastic particles, thereby compromising its function. A literature search was conducted using a combination of keywords on Google Scholar and PubMed including 'plastic particles affect the fetoplacental unit', 'how plastic particles traverse the maternal-fetal contact', and reproductive abnormalities induced by micro/nano-plastics'. Key studies show that plastic particles can traverse the maternal-fetal interface, potentially exposing developing fetuses to various harmful chemicals present in plastics, such as endocrine disruptors and persistent organic pollutants. Once in contact with the fetoplacental unit, these particles may trigger inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, and even epigenetic modifications. They also bioaccumulate in testes, altering spermatogenesis, spermatozoa morphology, testosterone production, body weights, and inflammation as reported in mice. Such disruptions can increase the risk of developmental and reproductive disorders in the fetus, suggesting that exposure to plastic particles may carry long-term health implications. Further studies highlight the particular vulnerability of the fetoplacental unit to plastic particles. The placenta has limited detoxifying capabilities and unique immunological regulation, making it especially sensitive to foreign particles. Identifying critical windows of susceptibility during pregnancy is germane, as exposure to plastic particles during these periods could have heightened effects on fetal development. This growing concern underscores the urgent need for comprehensive research into the mechanisms through which plastic particles impact the fetoplacental unit. Additionally, this review calls for stronger measures to mitigate plastic pollution and recommends health strategies aimed at protecting future generations from potential harm. It synthesizes recent findings on the ways in which these particles influence the fetoplacental unit and the broader reproductive system.

PMID:40612654 | PMC:PMC12223432 | DOI:10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101938

Sci Total Environ. 2025 Jul 3;993:179981. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179981. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

This study presents the first comprehensive analysis of Italian honeys, focusing on the dual contamination by inorganic elements and microplastics as indicators of environmental pollution and food safety. A total of 28 honey samples from diverse botanical and geographical origins across Italy, along with one extra-European sample (included to make a comparison with a sample produced outside Italian -and therefore European- Community controls), were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), stereomicroscopy, and micro-FTIR. The analysis revealed significant variability in 30 macro- and microelement concentrations, influenced by both natural and anthropogenic sources. Only lead among the toxic elements examined is subject to a legal limit in honey and its concentrations ranged from below the detection limit to 0.300 mg·kg^-1, with three samples exceeding the EU maximum allowable limit of 0.100 mg·kg^-1. Meanwhile, essential macroelements such as potassium and rubidium showed patterns more closely tied to botanical origin. Microplastics were detected in 100 % of the analyzed samples, with an average contamination of 62 particles per kg of honey. Notably, approximately 20 % of MPs were smaller than 130 μm, a size range considered critical for translocation into human tissues. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) provided insights into the correlations between honey composition, botanical sources, and environmental factors, reinforcing honey's potential as a bioindicator of ecological contamination. In particular, a correlation among Pb and MP concentrations was identified, potentially ascribable both to a common source of Pb and MP or to the adsorption of Pb onto MP fragments. This work offers a novel perspective on the intersection of microplastic and inorganic pollutant contamination in honey, underscoring its implications for food safety, environmental monitoring, and public health.

PMID:40614608 | DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179981

Environ Sci Technol. 2025 Jul 4. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.4c11916. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Plastisphere is a hotspot for some potential pathogens. Herein, a sudden incident of gill-rot disease in the Haihe River, China, is speculated to be related to the effects of the plastisphere. Significantly higher levels of microplastics (MPs) were present in the gills of dying carps identified with gill-rot disease, while Flavobacterium columnare was identified as the main pathogenic microorganism. A six-week simulated exposure experiment was conducted to further confirm the relationship among MPs, Flavobacterium columnare and the pathogens of gill-rot disease. At an exposure concentration reflecting environmental abundance, all four MPs─PET and PLA in fiber and granule forms─were found to promote F. columnare-driven gill tissue damage, pathogen enrichment in the gills, and pathogenic metabolism. Compared to granular and nonbiodegradable PET MPs, fibrous PLA, which exhibited higher retention in the gills and greater microbial affinity, resulted in the highest disease incidence. For the first time, the risk of respiratory infectious diseases in aquatic animals caused by the plastisphere on MPs was presented and demonstrated.

PMID:40613387 | DOI:10.1021/acs.est.4c11916

An Acad Bras Cienc. 2025 Jun 27;97(suppl 3):e20240922. doi: 10.1590/0001-3765202520240922. eCollection 2025.

ABSTRACT

The increasing presence of nanoplastics in the environment raises concerns about their toxic effects on human health and ecosystems, including bioaccumulation, pollution, and unknown impacts on the food chain and marine organisms. With the rise of polymer pollution, it is urgent to understand the characteristics of this new pollutant. This study uses bibliometric analysis to elucidate the state-of-the-art on nanoplastics and their adsorption capacity, highlighting concerns, advances, and research gaps. Tools like Vosviewer® and Python were used to identify trends in publications, noting a significant increase since 2018, with China leading scientific production. The review details the physicochemical characteristics of nanoplastics, characterization methods, and adsorption mechanisms, emphasizing interactions with environmental contaminants and health effects. Public policies and advanced detection techniques are necessary. Significant gaps require investigation to mitigate the impacts of nanoplastics on the environment and human health.

PMID:40608640 | DOI:10.1590/0001-3765202520240922

Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 2;15(1):23516. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-07672-5.

ABSTRACT

Plastic ingestion by terrestrial mammals, especially wildlife near urbanized areas, remains underexplored, with limited studies exploring species-specific differences. This study addresses these gaps by examining microplastics (MPs) in feces of five wild species from Hong Kong's countryside: buffalo, cattle, wild boar, macaques, and porcupines. These species were selected for their high interaction with humans and consumption of anthropogenic food. Fecal samples were digested, visually inspected, and MPs characterized using spectroscopy. Microplastics were detected across all sites: macaques (0.2-6.9 MPs/gram dry weight [d.w.], 50-90% occurrence), boars (0.5-3.7 MPs/gram d.w., 60-100% occurrence), porcupines (2.1 MPs/gram d.w., 80% occurrence), buffalo (17.7 MPs/gram d.w., 100% occurrence), and cattle (4.1-65.5 MPs/gram d.w., 90-100% occurrence). Secondary microplastics, primarily polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyester (common in food packaging and textiles) were predominant. Feeding behaviour significantly influenced microplastic abundance. Non-selective grazers (buffalo and cattle) exhibited higher concentrations (median: 15.8 and 17.7 MPs/gram d.w., respectively) compared to selective feeders (macaques, porcupines, and boars; median: 1.8, 2.1, and 1.2 MPs/gram d.w.). Regarding MPs size, the larger mammals, cattle and buffalo, excreted significantly larger microplastics (522 and 391 µm) compared to macaques and porcupines (301 and 268 µm). We present the first evidence of plastic ingestion by common wildlife species from Hong Kong, emphasizing the vulnerability of animals to plastic pollution in peri-urban habitats. The findings underscore the need for research on the health impacts of plastic ingestion and the development of strategies to mitigate plastic pollution to natural ecosystems.

PMID:40604137 | PMC:PMC12222741 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-07672-5

An Acad Bras Cienc. 2025 Jun 27;97(suppl 3):e20241313. doi: 10.1590/0001-3765202520241313. eCollection 2025.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics are a serious environmental threat, impacting biodiversity, ecosystem integrity, and human health. Controlling and mitigating these effects requires a detailed understanding of the physicochemical characteristics of these contaminants. This study aims to enhance the analysis of microplastics in aquatic environments by focusing on the optimization and integration of advanced characterization techniques, such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Raman Spectroscopy. The goal is to improve accuracy in identifying the polymers that makeup microplastics, which is crucial for developing effective strategies for mitigating and controlling aquatic contamination. To this end, the application of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy is suggested in this review article, as it significantly improves signal-to-noise ratio, enabling more detailed detection of plastic residues and adsorbed microorganisms. These integrated analyses facilitate the acquisition of more robust and detailed data, essential for formulating effective solutions to the microplastics problem. Additionally, FTIR and Raman spectra were generated for polymers commonly found as microplastics, such as PP, LDPE, PS, and PVC, due to their widespread use in various materials. These standards will provide crucial data for identifying unknown microplastics, significantly contributing to the accuracy and reliability of the analyses.

PMID:40608642 | DOI:10.1590/0001-3765202520241313

An Acad Bras Cienc. 2025 Jun 27;97(suppl 3):e20241229. doi: 10.1590/0001-3765202520241229. eCollection 2025.

ABSTRACT

Although the contamination of microplastics is a very recent topic, knowledge increased rapidly, especially in the last decade. Despite this, freshwater ecosystems have received less attention than marine ones, particularly in the tropics. Considering the particularities of Tropical freshwater ecosystems that can be important in the microplastics dynamic, such as the high rate of untreated water, the flooding dynamics and high number of reservoirs, our review aims to present the state of the research of microplastic contamination in Tropical freshwater ecosystems, emphasizing the knowledge advances and existing gaps. We compared studies in different countries, ecosystems and type of samples, and identified gaps and needs for futures research. Although research and the complexity of studies have increased over the years, Tropical freshwater ecosystems are still understudied. We emphasized the need for more studies in African countries and Tropical Australia, as well as in reservoirs across all Tropical regions. It is also crucial to evaluate contamination related to flooding dynamics and in aquatic invertebrates. Advancements in research on this topic are essential to provide a clear picture of the real problem in the tropics, leading to the possibility of better mitigation and conservation actions in the future.

PMID:40608641 | DOI:10.1590/0001-3765202520241229

Sci Total Environ. 2025 Jul 2;993:179971. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179971. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastic (MP) pollution is an increasing environmental concern due to its persistence and potential risks to both ecosystems and human health. Additionally, MPs can adsorb and become vehicle of other pollutants and hazardous chemicals. Among these, Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known endocrine disruptor. This study investigates the effects of MPs exposure in multiple cell types (preadipocytes, hepatocytes, hypothalamic neurons, and endothelial cells), the adsorption/desorption dynamics of BPA on MPs and the biological effects of BPA-sorbed MPs. We employed 5 μm commercial polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs), both in their pristine form and with carboxyl (-COOH) functionalization, mimicking surface oxidation resulting from environmental weathering. While exposure to a wide range of pristine PS-MPs concentrations did not affect cell viability, COOH-functionalized PS-MPs induced significant toxicity in neurons and endothelial cells at high concentrations (>100 μg/mL). Furthermore, COOH-functionalized MPs altered lipid accumulation during preadipocyte to adipocyte differentiation. Using an optimized HPLC-MS/MS method with online SPE, we quantified the adsorption of BPA onto PS-MPs in water and its subsequent desorption under physiological conditions, achieving detection and quantification limits (3 ng/mL and 10 ng/mL, respectively) that enabled accurate BPA measurements, particularly in desorption studies. COOH-functionalized PS-MPs exhibited higher BPA adsorption efficiency and an increased desorption in cell culture media (29 % adsorption; 45 % desorption) compared to pristine PS-MPs (23 % adsorption; 13 % desorption), suggesting that oxidized MPs may act as more effective carriers for toxic chemicals. However, when cells were exposed to BPA-sorbed PS-MPs, no synergistic effects between the two pollutants were observed. These findings underscore the pivotal role of MP surface chemistry in governing pollutant interactions and shaping biological responses. Additionally, they emphasize the importance of assessing pollutant adsorption onto MPs; this approach, rather than using simple co-exposure methods, is essential for studying the role of MPs as carriers of environmental pollutants in biological systems.

PMID:40609415 | DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179971

Sci Total Environ. 2025 Jul 2;993:179971. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179971. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastic (MP) pollution is an increasing environmental concern due to its persistence and potential risks to both ecosystems and human health. Additionally, MPs can adsorb and become vehicle of other pollutants and hazardous chemicals. Among these, Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known endocrine disruptor. This study investigates the effects of MPs exposure in multiple cell types (preadipocytes, hepatocytes, hypothalamic neurons, and endothelial cells), the adsorption/desorption dynamics of BPA on MPs and the biological effects of BPA-sorbed MPs. We employed 5 μm commercial polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs), both in their pristine form and with carboxyl (-COOH) functionalization, mimicking surface oxidation resulting from environmental weathering. While exposure to a wide range of pristine PS-MPs concentrations did not affect cell viability, COOH-functionalized PS-MPs induced significant toxicity in neurons and endothelial cells at high concentrations (>100 μg/mL). Furthermore, COOH-functionalized MPs altered lipid accumulation during preadipocyte to adipocyte differentiation. Using an optimized HPLC-MS/MS method with online SPE, we quantified the adsorption of BPA onto PS-MPs in water and its subsequent desorption under physiological conditions, achieving detection and quantification limits (3 ng/mL and 10 ng/mL, respectively) that enabled accurate BPA measurements, particularly in desorption studies. COOH-functionalized PS-MPs exhibited higher BPA adsorption efficiency and an increased desorption in cell culture media (29 % adsorption; 45 % desorption) compared to pristine PS-MPs (23 % adsorption; 13 % desorption), suggesting that oxidized MPs may act as more effective carriers for toxic chemicals. However, when cells were exposed to BPA-sorbed PS-MPs, no synergistic effects between the two pollutants were observed. These findings underscore the pivotal role of MP surface chemistry in governing pollutant interactions and shaping biological responses. Additionally, they emphasize the importance of assessing pollutant adsorption onto MPs; this approach, rather than using simple co-exposure methods, is essential for studying the role of MPs as carriers of environmental pollutants in biological systems.

PMID:40609415 | DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179971

J Hazard Mater. 2025 Jun 25;495:139059. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139059. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the current state of microplastic (MP) pollution and ecological risks in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, focusing on the Henan section. Using the advanced MultiMP risk assessment method, both surface water and sediment environments were comprehensively evaluated. Results indicate that MPs were detected in both environments, with surface water abundance ranging from 3.35 to 12.6 n/L and sediment abundance from 206 to 1647 n/kg. In terms of the main characteristics of MPs, the most common particle size ranged from 25 to 150 μm; fibrous shapes were the most abundant in both surface water and sediments; transparent MPs had the highest proportion in terms of color; and in terms of polymer composition, polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) were the main polymers found in surface water, while PE and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were more common in sediments. Environmental factors influencing the MP distribution were also investigated. The abundance of MPs in surface water was closely related to total phosphorus (WTP) and total nitrogen (WTN), while the abundance of MPs in sediments was closely associated with the sediment particle size. MultiMP assessment results show medium risk for surface water and high risk for most sediments in the Henan section of the Yellow River Basin, with differing main factors affecting risk levels in the two environments. These findings fill regional research gaps and provide data support and theoretical foundations for effective MP pollution management in the Yellow River Basin.

PMID:40609464 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139059

Front Public Health. 2025 Jun 18;13:1567200. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1567200. eCollection 2025.

ABSTRACT

The increasing prevalence of microplastics (MPs) in the environment has raised urgent concerns regarding their implications for human health. This comprehensive review integrates recent findings on the sources, classification, and pathways of MPs into the human body, highlighting their potential cellular toxicity and systemic health risks. We discuss the mechanisms by which MPs may induce inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, and cellular damage, thereby contributing to various diseases. Notably, we examine the synergistic effects of MPs in conjunction with other environmental pollutants, which may amplify their adverse health outcomes. This synthesis of current research underscores the critical need for multidisciplinary approaches to investigate the multifaceted interactions between MPs and human health, ultimately guiding future studies and informing public health strategies to mitigate exposure and associated risks.

PMID:40606105 | PMC:PMC12213550 | DOI:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1567200

Environ Pollut. 2025 Jul 1;382:126758. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126758. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Urban water bodies often pose frequent human activities, the pollution of microplastics (MPs) in these sediments, and pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) enriched on the MPs may have risk to human health. However, there is little known about these issues. In this paper, three typical urban water bodies (the urban park lake, the urban inland river, and the urban-rural lake) were selected to identify the characteristics of MPs. Furthermore, the enrichment and driving mechanisms of pathogenic bacteria and ARGs on MPs in sediments were studied. These three water bodies were polluted with MPs, dominated by polyethylene (PE)-MPs and polystyrene (PS)-MPs. Gammaproteobacteria, Pseudomonadota, etc. as the main types of pathogenic bacteria, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii as significantly enriched in the urban inland rivers. The predominant ARGs were bacitracin- (bacA) and sulfonamide- (sul1) resistant ARGs. Transposase was the main genetic elements that drove the transfer of ARGs and the main resistance mechanism of ARGs was antibiotic efflux. The enrichment behavior of pathogenic bacteria and ARGs on MPs was also driven by the types of MPs, especially PS-MPs. The pathogenic bacteria at urban inland rivers had more types of ARGs, transfer elements and resistance mechanisms, thus the risk of pathogenic bacteria resistance needed specific concern. The results of our study were of great significance to gain insights into the pathogenic resistance risks and ecological risks of pathogenic bacteria and ARGs in sediments of urban water bodies.

PMID:40609890 | DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126758

J Hazard Mater. 2025 Jul 1;495:139118. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139118. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

This study uses the ²¹⁰Pb chronology to assess the historical dynamics and aging effects of microplastics (MPs) in urban areas with separate sewer systems and multiple-use reservoir for the first time, reconstructing their temporal deposition over multiple decades. The Sorocaba River basin, state of São Paulo, Brazil, was chosen as study area. Direct release of untreated urban sewage and stormwater runoff was the main source of MPs in riverbed sediments before 2006. The construction of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) post-2006 led to a decrease in fibres, films, fragments, and pellets. Despite the new WWTPs, the levels of tyre wear particles continued to rise, reaching ∼ 85,000 units/kg at SP4 in 2011, due to an increase of vehicle numbers circulating in impervious surfaces in the cities of this watershed. However, the total of MPs decreased along the multiple-use reservoir, from ∼ 43,000 to ∼ 6300 units/kg at SP1 and SP3, respectively. Using pollution load index, nearly all sediment cores were classified to have extremely high pollution levels. Combining ²¹⁰Pb chronology and sediment pollution of MPs has been useful in exposing historical deposition patterns of MPs in urban areas and multiple-use reservoir environments and relating them to interventions made to mitigate pollution.

PMID:40609470 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139118

Toxicol Lett. 2025 Jul 1:S0378-4274(25)00127-4. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2025.06.021. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Micro/Nano-plastics (MNPs), including microplastics (MPs; <5mm) and nanoplastics (NPs; <100nm), have become pervasive environmental pollutants due to extensive plastic production and insufficient recycling practices. These particles originate from the degradation of larger plastic materials through processes such as photo-oxidation, thermo-oxidation, and incomplete biodegradation, resulting in chemically reactive fragments that persist in air, water, and food. Once released, MNPs enter the human body primarily via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption, ultimately accumulating in various tissues, including reproductive organs. This review provides a comprehensive summary of current knowledge regarding the toxicological effects of MNPs on male and female reproductive health, with a focus on mammalian models and relevance to human exposure. In males, MNPs have been associated with testicular damage, impaired spermatogenesis, reduced sperm count and motility, and disruptions in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. In females, exposure has been linked to altered folliculogenesis, disrupted ovarian hormone levels, impaired oocyte quality, and placental dysfunction. These effects are largely driven by mechanisms involving oxidative stress, inflammation, endocrine disruption, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis. Furthermore, MNPs have been shown to disrupt gut microbiota composition, contributing to systemic inflammation and reproductive dysfunction through emerging pathways such as the gut-testis axis. Given their widespread presence and multifaceted modes of action, MNPs pose a serious threat to human reproductive health. Therefore, there is an urgent need for stricter environmental regulations, improved waste management, and further research to understand the long-term and transgenerational consequences of MNP exposure.

PMID:40609962 | DOI:10.1016/j.toxlet.2025.06.021

Anal Chim Acta. 2025 Sep 15;1367:344313. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2025.344313. Epub 2025 Jun 10.

ABSTRACT

Polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) are emerging contaminants of concern due to their potential health impacts and widespread presence in the environment. Metabolomics offers a powerful approach to investigate biological responses to such exposures. However, current LC-MS methods are often limited by the suitability of chromatographic conditions for metabolites with diverse physicochemical properties, leading to suboptimal coverage and analytical redundancy. This study addresses these limitations by establishing a robust, broadly applicable dual-mode LC-MS strategy to improve coverage and analytical efficiency in microplastic exposure studies. This study evaluated 18 chromatographic conditions using six commercial columns including amide, silica, Obelisc N, C18, pentafluoophenyl (F5), and cyanopropyl (CN), to optimize metabolite separation in both positive and negative electrospray ionization (ESI) modes. Mouse large intestine extracts exposed to PS-MPs showed broad metabolome coverage under optimized conditions. In positive mode, the amide column with ammonium acetate/acetic acid (AmAc/AcA) effectively captured diverse polar metabolites. In negative mode, the F5 column with ammonium formate/formic acid (AmF/FA) excelled in phospholipid detection and lipid separation. Combining these conditions enabled complementary profiling with minimal overlap. Additionally, 42 differential metabolites affected by PS-MPs were associated with key metabolic pathways, including amino acid, taurine, hypotaurine, and glutathione metabolism. This optimized, high-coverage LC-MS strategy provides a novel analytical framework that maximizes metabolome profiling efficiency and minimizes sample input. It improves detection of diverse metabolite classes and supports robust biological interpretation, offering broad applicability for future studies on environmental exposures and complex biological challenges.

PMID:40610149 | DOI:10.1016/j.aca.2025.344313

J Phys Chem B. 2025 Jul 3. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5c02191. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons and microplastics are common atmospheric pollutants, but their interaction processes and influence on one another under sunlight irradiation are unknown. Herein, the synergistic transformation of polystyrene microplastics (PS-MP) adsorbed with benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) was studied upon exposure to simulated sunlight. During this process, B[a]P accelerated the photoaging process of PS-MP. UV-visible near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectrometer (UV-vis RDS) analysis of the PS-MP/B[a]P complex revealed that B[a]P and its photodegradation products containing chromophore groups, such as ethers, ketones, carboxylic compounds, and aromatic compounds, significantly expanded the wavelength range and enhanced the absorption intensity of sunlight by PS-MP. Moreover, the absorbed light energy was transferred to PS-MP in the form of energy or electrons, which expedited the bond breaking of PS-MP and generated additional binding sites for oxygen. Meanwhile, direct photolysis of B[a]P was initially impeded by PS-MP due to its shielding effects. Subsequently, reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by persistent free radicals (PFRs) on the photoaged PS-MP promoted B[a]P degradation. The synergistic interaction between PS-MP and B[a]P enhanced PFRs and ROS generation, potentially elevating their environmental risk. This research offered novel perspectives on ecological behavior and the associated risks of MP with exogenous organic pollutants.

PMID:40610379 | DOI:10.1021/acs.jpcb.5c02191

Environ Monit Assess. 2025 Jul 3;197(8):851. doi: 10.1007/s10661-025-14328-4.

ABSTRACT

This study investigated microplastic (MP) contamination in freshwater and marine ecosystems in Bangladesh, focusing on the Buriganga River and the Bay of Bengal. Water and fish samples were collected, digested with H₂O₂, and analyzed using microscopy and micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for visual inspection and MP characterization. Microplastics were significantly more prevalent in the freshwater system and its fish compared to the marine environment (p ≤ 0.05), with variations observed across different depths. Fish, particularly those in the benthopelagic zone, showed substantial MPs contamination, predominantly in the form of fibers, fragments, and foam. Transparent MPs dominated in water samples, while colored MPs are more prevalent in fish. Polycarbonate, nitrile, and polypropylene were the major polymers identified in the water and fish samples. A significant positive correlation (r = 0.65, p ≤ 0.05) between MPs in water and fish suggests ingestion of MPs from their habitat.

PMID:40608136 | DOI:10.1007/s10661-025-14328-4

Mar Pollut Bull. 2025 Jul 2;220:118364. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118364. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastic (MP) pollution represents a worldwide problem, with plastic particles being documented across different environmental matrices and settings. The present study investigated MPs presence in marine sediments on and around a shallow-water mud volcano located offshore Scoglio d'Affrica islet (Northern Tyrrhenian Sea), a geologically active area, characterized by low anthropogenic pressure and far from terrestrial source of plastic pollution. Grain size analyses on sediment samples were carried out to evaluate potential relationships between MPs accumulation and sediment texture. The samples varied from sandy mud to sandy gravel, showing on average 33.7 (±16.9 standard deviation) items/kg of dry sediment, with fibers being the predominant shape of plastics identified. No statistically relevant differences among sampling sites and no significant correlation with sediment texture were found, although the absence of particles <0.1 mm, likely resulting from limitations in analytical detection, might have influenced results. Conversely, a positive trend was observed between MPs content and sampling depth. The presence of MPs on the summit of active mud volcanoes suggests a rapid sequestration of this contaminant from the water surface and water column in the seafloor compartment. These findings highlight the pervasiveness of plastic pollution problem even in nearly pristine settings and show the need for assessing MPs contamination across different geological settings and depth ranges, in order to deepen our knowledge on MPs presence and distribution within marine sediments, providing novel insights and hints for future research challenges.

PMID:40609426 | DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118364

Int J Biol Sci. 2025 Jun 9;21(9):3867-3885. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.108268. eCollection 2025.

ABSTRACT

Environmental nanoplastics (NPs) have harmful effects on health. This study investigated the effects of polystyrene (PS) NPs on steatosis and fatty liver disease. PS-NP oral administration, in conjunction with a high-fat diet (HFD), synergistically exacerbated the symptoms of steatosis in mice, leading to increased alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and cholesterol levels; no effects were observed with PS-NPs on a normal chow diet. Transcriptome analysis unveiled that PS-NPs interfered with actin organization, cell-cell adhesion, PPAR signaling, and lipid metabolism. In HepaRG cells, PS-NPs rapidly entered by inducing actin rearrangement, resulting in the formation of numerous small cytoplasmic vesicles. This treatment led to an augmented number of acidic organelles, leading to development and buildup of large vacuoles, indicative of enlarged pre-lysosomal and lysosomal compartments. PS-NP exposure hampered p62 degradation, leading to LC3B accumulation and decreased cathepsin B and D activity. Additionally, PS-NP exposure resulted in accumulation of lipid droplets and elevated expression of lipogenesis-, transport-, and storage-related genes. These findings suggest that excessive endocytosis driven by PS-NPs worsens MASLD in HFD through accumulation of lysosomes and large vacuoles with reduced cathepsin activity.

PMID:40607257 | PMC:PMC12210384 | DOI:10.7150/ijbs.108268

Mar Pollut Bull. 2025 Jul 2;220:118353. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118353. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastic pollution continues to threaten marine environments across the world, yet there is inadequate understanding regarding the sources, distribution and impacts of these particles. Marine microplastic pollution is commonly investigated with the use of biomonitors, such as bivalves. However, published methods on chemical tissue digestion lack clarification regarding reagent volumes for small tissue samples <5 g. Therefore, this study aimed to improve H₂O₂ digestion methods and quantify and categorise the microplastics found within sediment and Crassostrea gigas samples collected from Weston Shore, Southampton. Tissue samples of 1 g were digested in varying quantities of 30 % H₂O₂. 20 ml of 30 % H₂O₂ per gram of tissue was sufficient in digesting samples of 2 g or more; 1 g samples require further experimentation. Sediment samples were visually inspected under a light microscope, along with the oyster samples once the microplastics had been extracted using H₂O₂ digestion, followed by density separation using NaCl. For tissue samples ≤5 g, 20 ml H₂O₂ per g of tissue should be used for digestion. For tissue samples >6 g, 6× mass of the sample should be used for digestion. Sediment microplastic concentrations were found to decrease moving south east along the shore, with varying significance, whereas C. gigas microplastic loads did not show any significant spatial differentiation (p = 0.3). Both sediment and C. gigas samples were dominated by fibres (96 % and 97 %, respectively), which is consistent with similar studies worldwide. The new digestion method gives 50 % cost reduction and lessened environmental impacts.

PMID:40609423 | DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118353

Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 2;15(1):23584. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-08821-6.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (MPs) are increasingly recognized as pervasive pollutants in food and beverage products, posing potential risks to human health and ecosystems. The purpose of this research is to investigate the presence and concentration of MPs in various beverages and ice packs through quantitative analysis, and to evaluate the potential health risks associated with human exposure to these contaminants. Samples underwent filtration and organic matter digestion with hydrogen peroxide, followed by analysis using stereomicroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The results indicated mean microplastic (MP) concentrations of 183.1 particles/L in beverages and 178.9 particles/L in ice packs, predominantly composed of polypropylene (PP) (80%) and poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) (20%). Morphologically, fragments comprised 54% of MPs in beverages and 53% in ice packs, while fibers accounted for 46% and 47%, respectively, with particle sizes ranging from 4.54 to 1,490 μm. Transparent MPs dominated (90%), likely due to prevalent packaging materials. The estimated daily intake (EDI) was higher in adults (5.49 particles/kg/day) than in children (2.19 particles/kg/day), with ingestion being the primary route of exposure. Microplastic contamination in beverage samples was assessed using the microplastic contamination factor (MPCF) and the microplastic pollution load index (MPLI). Brand C showed the highest contamination (MPCF: 9.34), while the average MPLI (8.26) indicated ecological risk level 1. This study confirms the widespread presence of microplastics in carbonated soft drinks and ice packs. Consequently, further research is essential to evaluate the long-term health effects and to develop strategies for reducing plastic usage in food packaging.

PMID:40604248 | PMC:PMC12223156 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-08821-6

Toxicol Lett. 2025 Jul 1:S0378-4274(25)00127-4. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2025.06.021. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Micro/Nano-plastics (MNPs), including microplastics (MPs; <5mm) and nanoplastics (NPs; <100nm), have become pervasive environmental pollutants due to extensive plastic production and insufficient recycling practices. These particles originate from the degradation of larger plastic materials through processes such as photo-oxidation, thermo-oxidation, and incomplete biodegradation, resulting in chemically reactive fragments that persist in air, water, and food. Once released, MNPs enter the human body primarily via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption, ultimately accumulating in various tissues, including reproductive organs. This review provides a comprehensive summary of current knowledge regarding the toxicological effects of MNPs on male and female reproductive health, with a focus on mammalian models and relevance to human exposure. In males, MNPs have been associated with testicular damage, impaired spermatogenesis, reduced sperm count and motility, and disruptions in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. In females, exposure has been linked to altered folliculogenesis, disrupted ovarian hormone levels, impaired oocyte quality, and placental dysfunction. These effects are largely driven by mechanisms involving oxidative stress, inflammation, endocrine disruption, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis. Furthermore, MNPs have been shown to disrupt gut microbiota composition, contributing to systemic inflammation and reproductive dysfunction through emerging pathways such as the gut-testis axis. Given their widespread presence and multifaceted modes of action, MNPs pose a serious threat to human reproductive health. Therefore, there is an urgent need for stricter environmental regulations, improved waste management, and further research to understand the long-term and transgenerational consequences of MNP exposure.

PMID:40609962 | DOI:10.1016/j.toxlet.2025.06.021

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2025 Jul 3. doi: 10.1007/s11356-025-36696-7. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Freshwater ecosystems are crucial for biodiversity conservation, pollution mitigation and climate regulation. However, anthropogenic pressures, including agricultural and industrial activities and urbanisation, degrade water quality and ecological status. This study assessed the health of the Elsa River, a tributary of the Arno in Tuscany (Italy), through an integrated and holistic methodology combining chemical, ecological and ecotoxicological parameters. Water quality (nitrate, phosphate, ammonium concentrations and pH) was assessed through a citizen science project. This initiative actively involved local communities and high schools, fostering the sharing of local knowledge to identify sampling sites and address territorial challenges. Ecological status was assessed using the Extended Biotic Index (EBI) and Fluvial Functionality Index (FFI). Italian chubs (Squalius squalus) were employed as bioindicators to investigate microplastic ingestion, contaminant levels (heavy metals, organochlorines) and a battery of biomarkers for evaluating genotoxic, neurotoxic effects, oxidative stress, metabolic stress and the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites. The results showed a progressive decline in water quality and ecological status from upstream to downstream, particularly after the urbanised area and the river park, where microplastic ingestion in fish peaked at 2.5 items/individual. A genotoxic effect was highlighted, significantly correlated with the presence of mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls and benzo(a)pyrene's metabolites. This holistic approach, integrating physico-chemical analysis, ecological assessments and ecotoxicological effects on biota, provided a comprehensive understanding of the river's health. It enabled the identification of contaminants and hypothesised their sources, like illegal urban waste disposal, vehicular traffic and polluted tributaries.

PMID:40608243 | DOI:10.1007/s11356-025-36696-7

Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 1;15(1):21021. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-06895-w.

ABSTRACT

Microplastic ubiquity, its general toxicology, and its suitability for ingestion by biota are leading ecological and human health concerns. Microplastics are abundant in terrestrial environments including agricultural settings where municipal biosolids applied as fertilizers show high levels of microplastics. Microplastic ingestion by omnivorous insects in the environment is not well explored. To determine whether crickets eat microplastics in the wild, we examined the digestive tracts of 50 crickets collected from a research site in Ontario, Canada. Crickets were caught in three locations: a crop field amended with dewatered municipal biosolids, along the untreated edge of the field, and along a nearby tree line. Over half of the dissected crickets contained microplastics. A total of 87 microplastics (31-2548 μm) were found (60 microfragments; 27 microfibers). Using FTIR, we determined 66% of the microfragments were plastic polymers although match quality was low, likely due to exposure to multiple degradation processes (e.g. laundry, wastewater processing, ingestion by animals). Trap location did not influence the number of crickets ingesting microplastics. We present evidence that lab-reared crickets of the same species break down ingested microplastics into smaller fragments using manufactured polyethylene spheres, and discuss the possibility that generalist ground dwelling insects like crickets contribute to the active transport and biotransformation of microplastics, with potential cascading effects on microplastic movement through the food webs.

PMID:40594460 | PMC:PMC12218157 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-06895-w

BMC Genomics. 2025 Jul 1;26(1):578. doi: 10.1186/s12864-025-11760-1.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics are a widespread environmental hazard and their impact on human health has become a growing concern in last years. Recently, the potential role of microplastics in the development of various diseases, including diabetes, has been highlighted. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PET microplastics on the pancreas using immature pigs as a model organism. We analyzed the global transcriptomic profile of the pancreas by RNA-Seq in piglets treated with either a low (0.1 g/day) or a high dose (1 g/day) of PET microplastics for 4 weeks. The analysis revealed a dose-dependent effect of PET microplastics on gene expression. A low dose changed the expression of one gene, while a high dose affected the expression of 86 genes. The differentially expressed genes, including immune cell markers, cytokines and chemokines, may activate the immune system in the pancreas in a way that is characteristic of the pathogenesis of diabetes. In addition, PET microplastics induced oxidative stress in the pancreas. These above imply that oral exposure to PET microplastics could be a new risk factor for the development of diabetes.

PMID:40597598 | PMC:PMC12211908 | DOI:10.1186/s12864-025-11760-1

Cureus. 2025 Jun 1;17(6):e85191. doi: 10.7759/cureus.85191. eCollection 2025 Jun.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics have emerged as pervasive environmental contaminants detected in air, water, food, and even human tissues such as blood and placenta. These particles are now recognized as potential health hazards to humans. Due to their high surface area and ability to adsorb toxic substances, microplastics can act as vectors for heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants, many of which are established carcinogens. Evidence from animal models links microplastic exposure to oxidative stress, inflammation, immune disruption, and tissue damage, mechanisms implicated in cancer pathogenesis. Although direct causal links in humans need investigation, microplastics have been associated with occupational cancer risks and shown to interfere with cellular and metabolic processes. This emerging health threat underscores the urgent need for regulatory oversight, targeted research, and comprehensive public health strategies to mitigate exposure and assess long-term oncogenic implications.

PMID:40600103 | PMC:PMC12212453 | DOI:10.7759/cureus.85191

Environ Sci Technol. 2025 Jul 2. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5c04795. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Erosion is hypothesized to be a significant process transporting microplastics (MPs) from soils to aquatic environments, however, the factors controlling this process are poorly understood. Using a novel combination of high-frequency photography and fluorescent particles, we compared the transport of three MPs to that of a sand particle during rainfall simulations: linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), polystyrene (PS), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). We measured the "real time" movement of particles on the soil surface alongside the number of particles transported through splash erosion and surface runoff. Our results show that MPs of all polymer types demonstrated more rapid transport from the soil surface compared to sand particles throughout the rainfall simulations. Prior to surface runoff, ∼65-75% of MPs and sand particles were removed from the soil surface through raindrop-driven incorporation into the soil matrix. Surface runoff and splash erosion accounted for the transport of approximately 47% of PMMA and 57% of PS, while only 30% of sand particles were mobilized by these processes. This research establishes a benchmark for evaluating MP mobility to current knowledge of soil particle movement, which is critical for estimating the redistribution of MPs within soils and their ultimate flux to aquatic ecosystems.

PMID:40600331 | DOI:10.1021/acs.est.5c04795

Sci Total Environ. 2025 Jul 1;993:180009. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180009. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Analysis of microplastic particles in source and treated drinking waters requires filtration, isolation of microplastics from non-plastic organic and inorganic particles, and subsequent quantification and characterization using spectroscopic techniques. Microplastic isolation has been achieved in previous studies using a range of acids, bases, oxidants, and enzymes, however no study has systematically assessed multiple methods to identify one that is optimal for source and treated drinking waters in terms of reduction of non-plastic particles. In this study, seven oxidation, digestion, and acidification methods which have been applied individually in previous studies were directly evaluated to compare their relative performance for the isolation of microplastics >2 μm in size from non-plastic particles in drinking water. Among all seven methods evaluated, oxidation using Fenton's reagent followed by enzymatic digestion using cellulase and trypsin resulted in the greatest improvement in the amount of clean filter area as well as reduction in particle counts. Subsequent trials were conducted to improve the method by applying acidification at varying timesteps, as well as reducing oxidation and digestion reaction times. These modifications served to minimize the formation of iron precipitates as well as reduce overall sample processing time. The improved method was then evaluated using three different surface waters to confirm its applicability and reproducibility. The modified digestion method may be applied as a standard procedure across a range of source and treated waters, prior to microplastic characterization using spectroscopic techniques.

PMID:40602103 | DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180009

J Hazard Mater. 2025 Jun 30;495:139110. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139110. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Most ecotoxicity studies on microplastics (MPs) have focused on the single species testing, however environmentally relevant risk assessment of MPs requires different approach. The present study conducted an interspecific competition experiment between Daphnia magna and Daphnia pulex under MP fragments (MP) or MP fragments with UV filter benzophenone-3 (MP/BP-3) exposure. In MP exposure, smaller sized D. pulex was more advantageous, showing a significantly (p < 0.05) lower MP uptake and a higher population growth rate. On the other hand, in MP/BP-3 exposure, larger sized D. magna was more advantageous with a significantly (p < 0.05) lower BP-3 bioconcentration and a higher population growth rate. Transcriptomic analysis showed that expression levels of genes related to energy metabolism were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in D. pulex but significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in D. magna under MP exposure. For MP/BP-3 exposure, defense-related genes were significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated in D. magna but significantly (p < 0.05) downregulated in D. pulex. This study highlights different effects of MPs and plastic additives on interspecific interaction in the zooplankton community.

PMID:40602116 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139110

J Environ Sci (China). 2025 Nov;157:729-741. doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2025.02.002. Epub 2025 Feb 8.

ABSTRACT

Co-exposure of pharmaceuticals and microplastics (MPs) significantly exacerbates the aquatic environmental pollution issue. While MPs are identified as carriers of pollutants, research on the adsorption behaviors of biodegradable and conventional MPs to pharmaceuticals limited. The study investigated the adsorption behavior of conventional MPs (polystyrene and polyethylene terephthalate), biodegradable MPs (polylactic acid (PLA) and polybutylene succinate (PBS) for sulfamethoxazole (SMX). Meanwhile, changes in physical-chemical properties, including morphology, crystallinity, hydrophobicity and structures of MPs after aging (e.g., ultraviolet treatment) were investigated. Results exhibited that the oxygen-containing functional groups of MPs surface increased after ultraviolet treatment and enhanced the adsorption capacity for SMX, except for PLA. PLA exhibits the highest adsorption capacity, primarily due to its higher hydrophobicity and larger pore size. In contrast, PBS shows the lowest adsorption affinity for SMX because of its hydrophilicity and small pore size. The adsorption capacity of degradable MPs after aging is greater than that of non-degradable MPs. Electrostatic interaction and hydrophobic interaction are the main mechanisms of adsorption of virgin MPs, while hydrogen bond interaction and electrostatic interaction are the primary adsorption mechanisms for aged MPs. These results contribute to understanding the co-transport and migration of SMX and MPs in the environment, and furnish the necessary data for their ecological risk assessment.

PMID:40602919 | DOI:10.1016/j.jes.2025.02.002

Nat Commun. 2025 Jul 1;16(1):5873. doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-61027-2.

ABSTRACT

The ocean's circulation redistributes heat, salt, biota, dissolved gases, microplastics, and sediments on Earth. The abyssal ocean, in the lowest 1000 m above the seafloor, moves on average with the deeper seafloor to its left in the Northern Hemisphere and to its right in the Southern Hemisphere. This finding has received little attention and its consequences for the abyssal vertical circulation have remained largely unexplored. Here, we show, using current-meter measurements and numerical simulations, that the interior flow, O (100 m) - O (1000 m) above the seafloor, is deflected within the bottom boundary layer, the lowest O (10 m), into a widespread downhill flow. This flow intensifies with the steepness of the seafloor. We further reveal that typical local changes in seafloor steepness lead to a shallow divergence and a deep convergence of this downhill flow. These are connected by an overlying upward recirculation forming closed overturning cells that extend on average over the lowest 1000 m of the ocean. Our study improves the understanding of the oceanic abyssal circulation and the climate-relevant overturning. Future research should focus on quantifying the transports of heat, particles, and dissolved chemicals associated with these abyssal slope overturning cells.

PMID:40593650 | PMC:PMC12217794 | DOI:10.1038/s41467-025-61027-2

Sci Bull (Beijing). 2025 Jun 19:S2095-9273(25)00635-8. doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2025.06.022. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:40603183 | DOI:10.1016/j.scib.2025.06.022

Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 2;15(1):23623. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-06115-5.

ABSTRACT

Inhaled microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) have shown bio-persistence in the body, with concerning implications for human health. Airborne MNPs primarily originate from terrestrial sources, but sea air may contribute when onshore 'aerosolising' winds coincide with high concentrations of MNPs in surface waters. From the thousands of cities worldwide with Combined Sewer Overflows, millions to billions of MNPs can be discharged daily into rivers, estuaries, and the sea. To assess the possible links between water pollution and air quality, we analysed two years of Combined Sewer Overflows (spills) off Plymouth, UK, alongside same-day and long-term meteorological and satellite data. Winds exceeding 6.5 m/s were applied as the theoretical threshold for marine aerosol production at the sea surface. From 2022 to 2023, sewer spills into Plymouth Sound coincided with onshore aerosolising winds for a minimum of 178 days. Specifically, MNPs may have been stripped from coastal spills and blown back inland for over 1,586 hours, amounting to at least 10% of the 2-year period. Surprisingly, rainfall was too weakly correlated with spills to be a predictor, with little to no precipitation for 18% of sewer overflow events overall. In the satellite data, river plumes coincident with spills remained detectable ~ 10 km offshore, and we observed a significant degradation in winter water clarity over the past decade. Given the global footprint of outdated sewage infrastructure, our findings suggest that coastal spills-when combined with onshore aerosolising winds-may serve as an overlooked source of airborne MNPs. To better understand potential exposure pathways, it is essential that future scientific studies integrate air quality monitoring with assessments of coastal water quality.

PMID:40603513 | PMC:PMC12223289 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-06115-5

Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 2;15(1):23551. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-08674-z.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (MPs) are a common long-lasting pollutant of aquatic ecosystems. Microalgae are primary producers of aquatic systems, and MP contamination could have a high impact on the aquatic food web. Therefore, the present study utilized polyethylene (PE) particles (0 to 150 mg/L) for investigating the half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀) of Chlorella sorokiniana and also studied their impacts on growth rate, biomass, pigments and other biochemical components of the microalgae. After 96 h of incubation, PE of 100 mg/L resulted in the half-maximum inhibition (IC₅₀). After reaching the stationary phase (14 d), harvesting was made for MP-exposed cultures to reveal a biomass production of 0.89 g/L, while it was 0.96 g/L for the control. A slight reduction in pigment and lipid contents was also observed, while the protein and carbohydrate contents were high in MP-exposed C. sorokiniana cells. Under the MP stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phenolic levels were reduced, whereas flavonoid content increased. PE particles were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) for their size, shape, chemical composition, and interaction with C. sorokiniana, followed by micro-Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (µ-FT-IR) for the mapping of MP. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of how MP contamination can disrupt aquatic food webs, guiding future ecological assessments and pollution management strategies.

PMID:40603650 | PMC:PMC12223315 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-08674-z

Ecotoxicology. 2025 Jul 2. doi: 10.1007/s10646-025-02909-5. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The presence of microplastics (MPs) along with agrochemicals is being widely reported from lakes, ponds, and rivers. Microplastic (MP) in association with agrochemicals could have synergistic or antagonistic effects on non-target aquatic organisms and pose ecological risks. The present study explored the combined effects of MP, the insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) and MP preconditioned with CPF (MP^^CPF) on two cladocerans, Ceriodaphnia cornuta, and Echinisca triserialis in short-term and long-term laboratory bioassay tests. The experimental protocol included an acute bioassay at five different concentrations of MP (25, 40, 100, 200, and 500 particles mL^-1), CPF (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 µgL^-1) and MP^^CPF. Whereas, CPF (0.01 µg L^-1), MP (25 particles mL^-1), and MP^^CPF in 0.01 µg L^-1 of CPF were selected for the chronic bioassay. Upon exposure to CPF, C. cornuta and E. triserialis displayed a dose-dependent mortality pattern with a 48 h LC₅₀ value of 0.06 µgL^-1_. No mortality was observed in the MP only treatment, but when MPs were preconditioned with CPF, the 48 h LC₅₀ value was 0.02 µgL^-1. Chronic exposure to MP, CPF, or MP^^CPF resulted in reduced survival and reproductive output in both the cladocerans. However, C. cornuta was more vulnerable than E. triserialis. A significant delay in age at first reproduction and shorter generation time were observed in the presence of MP^^CPF, suggesting MP-mediated enhanced toxicity of CPF, wherein CPF could have accumulated onto the MP surface, thus, intensifying its toxicity. The enhanced toxicity of organic pollutants by MPs in aquatic environments especially in pelagic organisms is a matter of concern.

PMID:40603755 | DOI:10.1007/s10646-025-02909-5

Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 2;15(1):22877. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-06033-6.

ABSTRACT

Abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear (ALDFG) represent a major source of marine plastic litter pollution. Similar to other plastic litter, these items can provide a new surface for the growth of biofilms harboring distinct microbial communities, containing potential opportunistic pathogens or pollutant-degrading microorganisms. While knowledge is increasing for marine plastic litter and microplastic-associated biofilms, there is a gap on the plastisphere research for fishing gear. This study aimed to comprehend the structure and dynamics of the microbial communities attached to plastic fishing nets, mimicking a scenario when lost at sea, but also to assess if polymer type can influence these communities. For that, a one-year in situ experiment was employed inside a recreational marina (port of Leixões, Portugal), using 3 types of plastic fishing nets (Braided Polyethylene (PE), Braided Nylon and Thin Nylon) submersed in the seawater. Seasonal samplings of nets and surrounding seawater were performed for microbial community analysis by 16 S rRNA metabarcoding. One month-old-nets samples were additionally collected for cultivation of bacterial strains in the laboratory. In general, microbial communities found in the biofilms attached to fishing nets were taxonomically distinct and more diverse, when compared to the surrounding seawater. Biofilm communities were not shaped by the polymer type, instead, they displayed a succession pattern over time. Biofilm communities were predominantly composed of the phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobiota. Additionally, the families Sphingomonadaceae, Rubritaleaceae, Rhizobiaceae and Saprospiraceae were specifically associated with fishing net biofilms. From the 3 nets, a total of 123 bacterial strains from 46 bacterial genera were recovered. The genera Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Rhodococcus, Shewanella, Streptomyces and Vibrio were common to all nets. Commonly associated hydrocarbon and plastic - degrading taxa were highly abundant in the biofilm communities (> 2% abundance) and some were even possible to cultivate in laboratory. In addition, biofilm communities presented as well, potentially pathogenic genera, such as Clostridium and Mycobacterium, but in low abundances (< 1%). With this work, a deeper knowledge on the plastisphere associated with different plastic fishing gear was obtained, along with the isolation of bacterial strains with potential for future exploration of plastic biodegradation.

PMID:40594211 | PMC:PMC12216815 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-06033-6

Reprod Toxicol. 2025 Jun 30;136:108983. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2025.108983. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Plastic pollution has led to widespread accumulation of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs), increasing human exposure via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. While MPs have been linked to endocrine and reproductive toxicity, studies on NPs, especially their effects on female reproductive health, remain limited. Given their smaller size and greater bioavailability, NPs may cross biological barriers and accumulate in reproductive tissues. This study examines the effects of oral polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) on estrous cyclicity, follicle development, atresia, corpora lutea formation, and serum hormone levels in female mice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Female C57BL/6 mice were orally exposed to water (control) or PS-NPs (100 µg/L or 1000 µg/L) daily for 29 days. Vaginal lavage samples were collected during the last 15 days to monitor estrous cyclicity. At study completion, mice were euthanized, and blood and ovarian tissues were collected for analysis. Ovaries were processed for histological evaluation, and serum hormone levels were quantified using ELISA.

RESULTS: PS-NPs exposure significantly increased estrous cycle length in the high-dose group compared to control (5.53 ± .80 days vs 4.70 ± 0.71 days, P = 0.02). Serum progesterone levels were significantly reduced in the high-dose group compared to control (mean difference = 1.64 pg/mL, standard error of difference (SED) = 0.64, P = 0.03). Antral follicle diameter decreased significantly in both exposure groups compared to control, with a more pronounced reduction at the higher dose (P = 0.001). Additionally, chronic PS-NPs exposure led to a significant decrease in corpora lutea density and a significant increase in atretic follicle density in the high exposure group compared to control (mean difference = 1.46, SED = 0.52, P = 0.02 & mean difference = 3.01, SED = 0.95, P = 0.01 respectively).

CONCLUSION: Chronic PS-NPs exposure in female mice disrupted ovarian function as evidenced by a dose-dependent reduction in antral follicle size, decreased corpora lutea density, increased atretic follicle density, prolonged estrous cycles, and decreased serum progesterone levels, suggesting potential implications for anovulation, infertility, and other reproductive disorders. Future studies should further investigate the mechanisms underlying NPs-induced reproductive toxicity.

PMID:40602670 | DOI:10.1016/j.reprotox.2025.108983

Reprod Toxicol. 2025 Jun 30;136:108983. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2025.108983. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Plastic pollution has led to widespread accumulation of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs), increasing human exposure via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. While MPs have been linked to endocrine and reproductive toxicity, studies on NPs, especially their effects on female reproductive health, remain limited. Given their smaller size and greater bioavailability, NPs may cross biological barriers and accumulate in reproductive tissues. This study examines the effects of oral polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) on estrous cyclicity, follicle development, atresia, corpora lutea formation, and serum hormone levels in female mice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Female C57BL/6 mice were orally exposed to water (control) or PS-NPs (100 µg/L or 1000 µg/L) daily for 29 days. Vaginal lavage samples were collected during the last 15 days to monitor estrous cyclicity. At study completion, mice were euthanized, and blood and ovarian tissues were collected for analysis. Ovaries were processed for histological evaluation, and serum hormone levels were quantified using ELISA.

RESULTS: PS-NPs exposure significantly increased estrous cycle length in the high-dose group compared to control (5.53 ± .80 days vs 4.70 ± 0.71 days, P = 0.02). Serum progesterone levels were significantly reduced in the high-dose group compared to control (mean difference = 1.64 pg/mL, standard error of difference (SED) = 0.64, P = 0.03). Antral follicle diameter decreased significantly in both exposure groups compared to control, with a more pronounced reduction at the higher dose (P = 0.001). Additionally, chronic PS-NPs exposure led to a significant decrease in corpora lutea density and a significant increase in atretic follicle density in the high exposure group compared to control (mean difference = 1.46, SED = 0.52, P = 0.02 & mean difference = 3.01, SED = 0.95, P = 0.01 respectively).

CONCLUSION: Chronic PS-NPs exposure in female mice disrupted ovarian function as evidenced by a dose-dependent reduction in antral follicle size, decreased corpora lutea density, increased atretic follicle density, prolonged estrous cycles, and decreased serum progesterone levels, suggesting potential implications for anovulation, infertility, and other reproductive disorders. Future studies should further investigate the mechanisms underlying NPs-induced reproductive toxicity.

PMID:40602670 | DOI:10.1016/j.reprotox.2025.108983

J Hazard Mater. 2025 Jun 28;495:139094. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139094. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the toxic effects of microplastics (MPs) of different sizes and shapes on the marine rotifer, Brachionus koreanus, at both the individual and molecular levels. A multigenerational chronic toxicity test showed that only small fragmented MPs (fragment-S) significantly reduced the fecundity and lifespan of rotifers, which was enhanced in subsequent generations. Transcriptomic modulation of rotifers was most significant in the group exposed to fragment-S, followed by those exposed to large fragments (fragment-L), small beads (bead-S), and large beads (bead-L). However, significant metabolomic perturbation was detected only in the group exposed to fragmented MPs (fragment-S > fragment-L), suggesting that shape is a more critical factor than size in determining the toxicity of MPs. Pathways related to energy metabolism were commonly affected by MP exposure, whereas different genes related to transcription, the nervous system, and translation were primarily affected by specific MP types, indicating size- and shape-dependent toxic mechanisms of MPs. Overall, our findings suggest that the molecular toxicity mechanisms of MPs depend on their size and shape, highlighting that physical properties are a major factor in determining the toxicity of MPs.

PMID:40602115 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139094

Environ Res. 2025 Jun 30:122256. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2025.122256. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

This study integrates full-scale tracer-test experiments and microplastics (MPs) tracer transport modeling to determine the role of flow patterns in the retention of MPs within wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Unlike previous studies that determined MP content through discrete sampling without controlling their entrance, this study tracked nile red-stained acrylic fiber tracer-MPs across a disinfection tank in a WWTP. The full-scale tracer test showed that ∼70% of the input tracers was retained in the disinfection tank 20 minutes after the minimum Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT, 30 minutes) (total duration: 50 minutes), but dropped to 39% 4 hours after the minimum HRT (total duration: 4.5 hours), indicating the existing tank was not effective in retaining MPs and resulted in substantial amount of MPs being carried over with the effluent. An advection-dispersion-based transport model was developed using the velocity profiles obtained from COMSOL to predict MP concentration throughout the disinfection tank. The model simulation results showed the tracers' retention descended from 19% at the end of the rapid disposal phase (duration: 70 minutes) to 8% at the gradual disposal phase (duration: 4.5 hrs), which corresponded with the trend observed in the full-scale tracer tests. Due to the poor retention of MPs during the longer period, retrofitting options to improve MP retaining in the tank were evaluated using the transport model. The simulation showed that introducing baffle walls could improve MP retention by 33%-65% at the gradual disposal phase, while altering the spacing between baffle walls would reduce the MP retention by 17%-18% at the gradual disposal phase. This study unveiled the impacts of flow patterns on the MP fate and transport across WWTPs and formulated the retrofitting solutions for improved MP retention in treatment units without compromising overall wastewater treatment efficiency.

PMID:40602514 | DOI:10.1016/j.envres.2025.122256

Sci Total Environ. 2025 Jul 1;993:179985. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179985. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Marine environments are increasingly affected by microplastics (MPs) and heavy metals (HMs) pollution, raising concerns about ecological and human health risks. This study investigates the presence (MPs) and (HMs) in the stomach contents of two commercial fish species, Trachurus trachurus and Zeus faber. This study aimed to assess the presence, quantify, and characterize MPs and HMs, as well as to evaluate the potential risks associated with microplastics and heavy metals. Samples were collected along the North and Central Moroccan Atlantic coast. MPs were identified using FT-IR spectroscopy, while HM concentrations were quantified through atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Out of 122 specimens analysed, 46 % ingested MPs, with fibres being the most common form. Three polymer types were identified: polyamide, polystyrene, and acrylic. HMs analysis revealed the presence of mercury, cadmium, and zinc in 97 % of the samples, though concentrations remained below regulatory limits. The concentration hierarchy was Cd > Hg > Zn (mean in μg/kg dry weight: 3.24 > 2.75 > 2.73). The contamination risk from MPs was classified as "low" for all Z. faber samples and 95 % of T. trachurus, with 5 % in the "moderate" category. Regarding HMs, the Hazard Index (HI) was below 1 for adults but exceeded 1 in children consuming T. trachurus more than three times per week or Z. faber more than five times per week. No significant correlation was found between MPs and HMs contamination. Further research is needed to explore the interactions between MPs and HMs in commercial fish, as well as the influence of habitat type, diet, and ocean circulation.

PMID:40602102 | DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179985

Environ Res. 2025 Jun 30;285(Pt 1):122262. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2025.122262. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Karst aquifers, such as cenotes, are important sources of drinking water and economic income, as well as representing natural and cultural wealth. In this study, metal(oid)s were determined in microplastics and sediments from eight cenotes (sinkholes) in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Sediment samples were collected from eight cenotes by diving at different depths ranging from 2 to 32 m. The mean (±SD) of microplastic particles (MPs) in the sediments was 43.10 ± 50.58 MP/kg. The most abundant polymers were polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyamides (PA) and polyester (PES). A multiple correlation (r²: 0.37, p = <0.001) was found between the density of MPs and depth. Al, Cr, Sn, and Cu were the metals that showed the highest concentrations in both MPs and sediments, unlike the others metals. Hg (r² = 0.58; p < 0.05, multiple correlation) showed a significant correlation between the concentrations determined in sediments and microplastics. A multiple correlation analysis was also found between the amount of organic matter and the concentrations of lead (r² = 0.57; p = 0.001) and tin (r² = 0.63; p = 0.0003). The potential ecological risk index (PERI) for karst aquifers such as cenotes ranged from 121.44 to 323.52 in MPs and from 95.65 to 288.29 in sediments, showing a considerable ecological risk of metal(oid) contamination in microplastics and sediments in most cenotes. This is the first study of microplastics in sediments at different depths in karst sinkholes. Moreover, it also provides data on the contamination and ecological risk of metal(oid)s related to microplastics and sediments, which could be linked to the use of cenotes as garbage dumps in earlier times.

PMID:40602511 | DOI:10.1016/j.envres.2025.122262

Environ Sci Process Impacts. 2025 Jul 2. doi: 10.1039/d5em00233h. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (MPs) in farmland soil may leach dissolved organic matter (DOM) and metal-based additives during rainfall and irrigation processes, potentially impacting agroecosystems. This study investigated the leaching characteristics of MPs commonly found in agricultural soils and irrigation water under varying acid rain conditions. The MP leachates were analyzed for their physicochemical properties, three-dimensional fluorescence characteristics, and heavy metal release. The results revealed that most MP leachates exhibited neutral to alkaline pH, likely due to the dissolution of inorganic fillers such as CaCO₃. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leaching varied by polymer types, with biodegradable MPs and PET-based MPs exhibiting significantly higher DOC concentrations than other MPs. Heavy metal analysis identified antimony (Sb) and zinc (Zn) as the dominant leached metals, particularly in Gr-carpet, C-curtain, and G-cover. Evidence shows that Sb concentrations in these MP leachates exceed China's drinking water safety thresholds by 5.76-26.7 times. Additionally, DOC release was pH-dependent, with neutral conditions enhancing organic matter release, whereas acidic conditions may promoted metal leaching. Correlation analysis suggested that Sb and arsenic (As) interacted with MP-derived organic additives and amide/phenol-like substances, indicating potential metal-organic complexation. This study systematically investigates the leaching characteristics of MPs under simulated acid rain conditions, which helps better assess the environmental impact and potential risks of MPs.

PMID:40600328 | DOI:10.1039/d5em00233h

J Environ Manage. 2025 Jul 1;391:126412. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.126412. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

It is critical to determine the abundance of microplastics in terrestrial inland waters, understand their fate and transport mechanisms, and reveal their status in aquatic environments. This study aimed to develop and calibrate a mathematical model to simulate microplastic (MP) pollution in the Gediz River Basin, Türkiye, which focused on MP fate and transport under existing conditions and various management scenarios. The baseline scenario revealed that, despite a ninefold difference in flow rates, the midstream and upstream parts of the basin also exhibited significant contamination, with an average concentration of 25 n/L compared to the downstream average of 29 n/L. The model was later simulated to test the effects of various mitigation scenarios including but not limited to reducing MP discharges from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and implementing vegetative barriers in tributaries. Scenario 4, which involves reducing MP concentrations in upstream tributaries with vegetative barriers, achieved the highest average reduction across all segments (32 %) and specifically in the downstream area (47 %). In contrast, Scenario 1, aimed at reducing wastewater discharges from urban and industrial WWTPs through water reclamation, and Scenario 2, which focused on eliminating MP in Organized Industrial Zone (OIZ) discharges by changing industrial inputs, achieved the most effective MP reductions in the upper basin, with reductions of 20 % and 17 %, respectively. Scenario 3, targeting flow reduction and accumulation through constructed wetlands, had minimal impact, with reductions close to 0 % in most areas. These results highlight the need for comprehensive approaches to effectively reduce MP pollution, particularly in managing upstream and tributary sources.

PMID:40602257 | DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.126412

AIMS Microbiol. 2025 Jun 9;11(2):388-409. doi: 10.3934/microbiol.2025018. eCollection 2025.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (MPs), synthetic polymer particles less than 5 mm in size, are an emerging contaminant with implications for both human and ecosystem health. Being widespread in food and water sources, MPs can disrupt gastrointestinal integrity, alter the microbiota composition, and provoke oxidative and inflammatory responses. Probiotics, live microorganisms known for their gut health benefits, are now being explored for their ability to mitigate these effects. This review synthesizes evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies on how MPs impact probiotic viability, adhesion, and biofilm formation, and how certain strains may counter MP-induced toxicity by modulating oxidative stress, immune function, and the epithelial barrier integrity. Additionally, this manuscript discusses emerging applications in environmental microbiology, such as the potential use of native and engineered probiotics for microplastic bioremediation. Although the current data highlight promising avenues, key gaps remain in our understanding of strain-specific mechanisms, long-term efficacy, and real-world applicability. Addressing these will be essential to advance probiotic-based strategies in both human and environmental contexts.

PMID:40600211 | PMC:PMC12207257 | DOI:10.3934/microbiol.2025018

J Environ Manage. 2025 Jul 1;391:126429. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.126429. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

In recent years, the pollution of microplastics (MPs) has attracted global attention because of their extensive distribution and significant impact on biota. Once MPs enter the ecosystem, the complex degradation process that MPs undergo will alter their surface properties and toxic effects. In order to address the global pollution issue caused by MPs, a range of technologies have been developed to degrade MPs. This study systematically summarizes the degradation methods of MPs reported recently, including physical, chemical and biological degradation processes. Dissolved organic matter (DOM), some reducing agents and sulfides are found to cause MPs aging and degradation. The roles of reactive oxygen species and biological enzymes in MPs degradation are elucidated. The chemical and biological degradation of various types of MPs are discussed and their degradation pathways are clarified. A number of factors affect the rates of MPs degradation in natural environment. Specifically, the influences of external factors and the intrinsic properties of MPs on their degradation are revealed. Furthermore, the potential environmental toxicity of MPs is investigated in greater depth, with particular attention paid to the release of plastic additives and DOM during the degradation process. This review article will assist in the comprehension of environmental degradation process and ecological risks of MPs and provide guidance for controlling the environmental pollution caused by MPs.

PMID:40602247 | DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.126429

Environ Sci Technol. 2025 Jul 1. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5c01335. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are key sources of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and microplastics (MPs) in aquatic environments. However, field data on ARG-MP copollution remain scarce, hindering environmental risk assessment of ARGs. This study used metagenomic sequencing and high-throughput qPCR to examine the composition and association of ARGs and MPs in sewage discharge-receiving waters. The results indicated that sewage discharge significantly increased the abundance of ARG-MP complexes in receiving waters, with fibrous and fragmented MPs exhibiting enhanced ARG enrichment and thereby serving as selective vectors for pathogens. Effluents promoted plasmid-mediated gene transfer and microbial functional shifts, driving intracellular ARG proliferation in the plastisphere. Fibrous and fragmented MPs showed strong co-occurrence patterns with ARGs, virulence factor genes, and mobile genetic elements, suggesting their role in antimicrobial resistance dissemination. A projection pursuit regression model indicated effluent-induced MP risk escalation at the estuary and downstream areas, which was associated with fragmented and polyamide MPs. Notably, WWTPs released substantial extracellular ARGs, with MPs potentially serving as a protective niche and a proliferative microenvironment. Here, we determined the role of WWTPs in shaping the aquatic resistome via MPs, which provides critical data for risk assessment and control strategies.

PMID:40598913 | DOI:10.1021/acs.est.5c01335

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Jul 1;302:118596. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118596. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Recently, concerns about the toxicity of microplastics (MPs) pollution have attracted significant attention. However, the influence of hydrodynamics on MPs bioaccumulation in fish, and the associated risks, remains poorly understood. Therefore, this study addressed this critical knowledge gap by examining how water velocity, individual and in combination with MPs, impacts brain in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Fish were exposed for seven days (28 h total, with 2-h sessions twice daily) to 5 µm polystyrene MPs (PS-MPs) at an environmentally relevant concentration of 1000 µg/L across eight groups: control, low (LV), medium (MV), and high (HV) water velocity, MPs-only, and three combined treatments (MPs + each velocity level). Fish exposed to the MPs + HV group illustrated the highest accumulation of PS-MPs with a concentration of 33.94 ± 1.00 × 10³ μg/kg (p < 0.05) and exhibited more brain damage, including hemorrhage, edema, and tissue rupture. Furthermore, this group demonstrated significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) activities, along with significant reduction in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity (p < 0.05), providing clear evidence of oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. Transcriptomic analysis showed a significant variation in gene expression with associated key pathways such as DNA repair, RNA transport, FoxO signaling, and MAPK signaling, indicating active cellular responses to genetic damage. Overall, this study highlighted the critical role of hydrodynamics in MPs bioaccumulation in fish and the compounded risks of MPs and water velocity, emphasizing the crucial need for monitoring of MPs pollution in dynamic aquatic environments, particularly in riverine systems.

PMID:40602160 | DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118596

Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 1;15(1):20774. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-06072-z.

ABSTRACT

In this study, microplastics (MPs) source, movement and final disposition in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and its ultimate release into natural water bodies are investigated. It seeks to exploit this to devise a systematic procedure for identifying the presence of MPs, the primary and secondary sources of MPs, and their behavior in wastewater. It also discusses pre-treatment processes, analytical methods, multiple sampling methods, among others, for quantifying microplastics in WWTPs. Real time operation-based experimental results indicate that the average removal efficiency of microplastics in the evaluated WWTPs was around 84%. Real time monitoring and analysis of the WWTPs was conducted in Erode where WWTPs were present in study. In this, we have implemented an IoT based system, for monitoring water quality using Data Aggregator Server in the cloud running task applications. The findings suggest that WWTPs are effective in removing a large proportion of microplastics, however smaller particles with low density are harder to remove through traditional treatment process means and end up in the environment. Therefore, membrane filtration and advanced oxidation processes may be utilized to overcome microplastic removal, and cost-effective solutions are important. Also, the research explores modification of existing polymer-based membranes, we modified PSF and GO membranes incorporating PVA or GO for improved efficiency with good economics. Real-time experimental outcomes were closely matched by the data analysis of the cloud-based virtual model for removal efficiency.

PMID:40596298 | PMC:PMC12217683 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-06072-z

J Hazard Mater. 2025 Jun 30;495:139108. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139108. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastic pollution and drought stress potentially threaten soil functions (e.g., straw decomposition) in semi-arid agroecosystems of the Loess Plateau. large decomposers (e.g., earthworms) can promote straw decomposition by modulating soil physico-chemical properties and microbial communities. However, whether, how, and to what extent earthworms can mitigate these negative effects. Here, we conducted a microcosm experiment to test the effects of microplastic pollution (no microplastic addition vs. biodegradable microplastic vs. non-degradable microplastic), and drought stress (ambient vs. drought) on microbial decomposition of straw in the presence vs. absence of earthworms. We found that both biodegradable and non-degradable microplastics enhanced microbial decomposition of straw by 11 % and 29 %, respectively, by boosting microbial diversity and total biomass. Drought, conversely, reduced microbial decomposition by 30 %. Notably, earthworms mitigated drought effects by promoting microbial decomposition by 22 % through increasing soil carbon and nutrient availability, as well as microbial biodiversity and biomass. Overall, these findings suggest that large soil decomposers can substantially alleviate the detrimental effects of global changes on ecosystem functions by enhancing the community complexity of small detritivores.

PMID:40602124 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139108

Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 1;15(1):22215. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-05352-y.

ABSTRACT

Encapsulation technologies have been utilized in laundry detergents mainly as formaldehyde-based capsules which are commonly used to encapsulate active compounds like fragrances, bluing agents and fluorescent whitening agents. Nevertheless, formaldehyde derived materials are toxic, carcinogenic, and non-biodegradable leading to an increase in the microplastic pollution in oceans and consequently harming the marine life. Therefore, the researchers are currently tending towards the replacement of these components by biobased ones. In this work, we present the synthesis of capsules with more than one shell using biodegradable polymers to replace these materials. Moreover, the blue dye used in laundry detergent industry was successfully encapsulated in biodegradable capsules formed by an interpenetrating network of alginate and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) prepared using different conditions. Besides, the capsules were characterized to study their chemical, morphological, thermal, and mechanical properties, to evaluate their water solubility, and to determine how the composition and the preparation methods can affect their properties. The novelty of this system lies in evaluating how modifying a previously reported system using poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) and alginate as shells -achieved by replacing the PEGDMA diacrylic monomer with PEGDA- affects the morphology and properties of the resulting capsules. It has been shown that the capsules with PEGDA exhibited improved thermal and mechanical properties compared to the previously described system, which could make them more suitable for their intended applications.

PMID:40594413 | PMC:PMC12215545 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-05352-y

J Hazard Mater. 2025 Jun 28;495:139099. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139099. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (MPs) are widely detected in water, air, and food, raising increasing concerns about human exposure. Although growing toxicological evidence suggests that MPs can disrupt gastrointestinal function, their association with colorectal cancer (CRC) risk in humans remains underexplored. This case-control study examined the relationship between fecal MP concentrations and CRC risk in a Chinese population. A total of 258 CRC patients and 493 healthy controls were recruited from the Environmental Exposure and Human Health cohort at Quzhou People's Hospital. Fecal MP concentrations were quantified using Laser Infrared Imaging Spectrometer. The median MP concentration was significantly higher in CRC cases than in controls (62 vs. 43 items/g dry weight, p < 0.05). Multivariable logistic regression showed that individuals in the highest exposure quartile had an adjusted odds ratio of 11.3 (95 % CI: 6.77-19.5, p for trend < 0.01) compared to those in the lowest quartile. Restricted cubic spline analysis indicated a nonlinear dose-response relationship. Stratified analyses indicated that this association was particularly pronounced among females and individuals who frequently consumed spicy or high-fat foods. These findings provide first epidemiological evidence of a potential link between elevated MP exposure and CRC risk.

PMID:40602120 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139099

Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 1;15(1):22364. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-02893-0.

ABSTRACT

Marine plastic pollution is increasing in the world's ocean, with the Indian Ocean understudied compared to the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. This study investigates plastic pollution in the Southwest Indian Ocean, focusing on a size range from large debris to microplastics (> 500 μm). Using visual surveys and manta trawling, we assessed plastic concentrations, compositions, and polymer types across 19 oceanographic campaigns. A total of 11,438 litter items were identified, with over 70% consisting of plastics. Larger plastic debris was predominantly observed near Glorieuses Islands during visual surveys, while microplastics were more prevalent offshore, collected through manta trawling. We observed a gradient of increasing plastic concentrations along the 30°/33°S latitudes, from 40°E (macroplastics: 10 items/km²; microplastics: 10³ items/km²) to 65°E (macroplastics: 10² items/km²; microplastics: 10⁵ items/km²). The majority of plastic debris consisted of hard fragments, primarily polyethylene (45.7%) and polypropylene (26.7%). Our findings provide new insights into microplastic concentrations in offshore regions, highlight the significant degradation of plastic debris, and emphasize the need for further research to identify and map the Indian Ocean's garbage patch along these latitudes. Keys words: Indian Ocean, Marine litter, Visual survey, Manta trawling, Microplastics.

PMID:40593863 | PMC:PMC12218958 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-02893-0

J Hazard Mater. 2025 Jun 15;495:138945. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138945. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (MPs) pollution poses escalating threats to soil biodiversity, yet its impacts on microbial community structure, stability, and assembly are far from fully understood, limiting the comprehensive assessment of MPs risks. This study investigated effects of polystyrene (PS) and tire particle (TP) MPs (0, 1 %, 5 %; w/w) on soil microbial communities in a maize-planted system, evaluating shifts in diversity, network architecture, and assembly processes. Our results demonstrated that high-concentration (5 %) PS MPs significantly enhanced bacterial α-diversity by promoting some taxa (e.g., Planctomycetes, Betaproteobacteria), and increased bacterial network complexity. In contrast, 5 % TP MPs reduced bacterial and fungal diversity, destabilized bacterial networks, and induced taxonomic homogenization. TP MPs amplified deterministic assembly processes by elevating homogeneous selection contribution while reducing stochastic drift, thereby driving microbial community convergence. Bacterial and fungal community structure shifts under TP MPs correlated with soil stoichiometric alterations, including depleted nitrate nitrogen and available phosphorus, and elevated pH, contents of dissolved organic carbon, ammonium nitrogen, and total carbon. These findings highlight the divergent ecological risks posed by PS and TP MPs, and underscore the urgent need for prioritized mitigation of TP MPs pollution in agroecosystems to preserve microbial functional integrity.

PMID:40602118 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138945

J Toxicol Sci. 2025;50(7):361-378. doi: 10.2131/jts.50.361.

ABSTRACT

The internalization mechanism of microplastics (MPs) into human cells has attracted considerable attention because these mechanisms are closely related to the physical and chemical properties of MPs. This study examined the response of human colon cells to autophagy, ER stress, and inflammation during the regulation on the internalization of polystyrene (PS)-MPs (0.4-0.6 μm size). To achieve this, changes in their key markers were analyzed in MPs-treated SNU-1826 cells after a cotreatment with uptake inhibitors or stimulators. The internalization of MPs was significantly higher in SNU-1826 cells than in other cells originated from differential tissues, such as the small intestine, kidneys, and nerves. On the other hand, the internalization of MPs into SNU-1826 cells was suppressed by cytochalasin D (CD) but not by pitstop (Pt). During this inhibition, the levels of the key parameters for autophagy (Light Chain 3-I/II (LC3-I/II) and Beclin1), ER stress (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (EIF2α) and inositol-requiring kinase 1 alpha (IRE1α)), and inflammation (inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-6) were suppressed in MPs+CD-treated SNU-1826 cells. In addition, the internalization of MPs into SNU-1826 cells was stimulated by a ZnSO₄ treatment, not by CaCl₂. These stimulation effects were reflected in the alteration of the critical parameters for autophagy, ER stress, and inflammation. Furthermore, the positive correlation was detected between MPs internalization and most parameters for cellular responses although their inhibition is stronger than stimulation. These results suggest that the internalization of MPs into SNU-1826 cells may be strongly associated with the changes in autophagy, ER stress, and inflammation during the regulation of CD and ZnSO₄.

PMID:40603046 | DOI:10.2131/jts.50.361

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Jun 30;302:118536. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118536. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Exposure to microplastics poses potential risks to human health, particularly during pregnancy and early life; however, research in this field remains scarce. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association between prenatal microplastic exposure and telomere length (TL), a recognized marker of biological aging. Placental microplastic exposure and its potential effects on umbilical cord blood TL and placental tissues were investigated in a cohort of 1121 pregnant women from Shenyang, China. Microplastic concentrations in placental samples were quantified using LD-IR chemical imaging, while TL in umbilical cord blood and placental tissues was measured using qRT-PCR. Adjusted multivariable regression models, stratified analysis, and mixture analyses, including Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) and quantile g-computation, were employed to assess associations and interactions. Placental microplastics (particularly polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), and polybutylene succinate (PBS)), were prevalent, with median total concentrations of 15 n/10 g of placental tissue. In cord blood, higher PVC and PBS levels were significantly associated with reduced TL (adjusted β = -0.13 and -0.14, respectively; p ≤ 0.01). PP exposure showed no significant association with cord blood TL. For placental TL, all three microplastics demonstrated significant negative associations, with PP showing the strongest effect (β = -0.13, p < 0.001). Stratified analysis revealed no sex-based differences in associations. Quantile g-computation indicated significant cumulative effects of microplastics on TL, with PBS contributing the most to TL reduction. BKMR analysis highlighted non-linear exposure-response relationships, with lower quantiles showing positive associations and higher quantiles indicating detrimental effects on TL, potentially due to oxidative stress or inflammation. These findings underscore the pervasive presence of microplastics in placental tissues and their potential role in disrupting telomere maintenance, raising concerns about their long-term health implications for newborns.

PMID:40592147 | DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118536

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Jun 30;302:118585. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118585. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics pose an emerging threat to both ecological and human health. It is worth noting that muscle has proved to be the target organ of microplastic particles. Skeletal muscle is the major site of insulin-stimulated glucose disposal and subsequent glucose homeostasis and plays a key role in the regulation of glucose metabolism in the body. However, studies on the effects of microplastics on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in human skeletal muscle are limited. Herein, human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells were exposed to two sizes (3 μm and 100 nm) of polystyrene microplastics/nanoplastics (PS-MPs/NPs) at three concentrations (75, 150, and 300 μg/mL) to investigate the possible molecular mechanisms. Our results showed that PS-MPs/NPs could be internalized into RD cells and lead to a reduction in cellular uptake of glucose. These results suggest that PS-MPs/NPs may cause skeletal muscle insulin resistance (IR) at the cellular level. Additionally, we observed that PS-MPs/NPs not only resulted in mitochondrial damage but also induced intracellular oxidative stress. However, treatment with the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ improved mitochondrial dysfunction and IR at the cellular level. These findings indicate that PS-MPs/NPs induce IR by causing mitochondrial dysfunction associated with mROS in skeletal muscle in vitro. The identification of these molecular mechanisms is helpful for deeply understanding of the health hazards posed by microplastics.

PMID:40592146 | DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118585

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Jun 30;302:118599. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118599. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Nanoplastics (NPs) are emerging environmental pollutants that pose significant health risks, particularly due to their accumulation in the gastrointestinal tract. This study evaluates the ability of 88 native probiotic Lactobacillus strains to remove polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) in an in-vitro model. Three resistant strains L. plantarum RP13, RP134, and RP225-were selected based on disk diffusion screening. A cocktail of these strains demonstrated high percentages of NP binding: 77 % ± 2.5 at 0.1 mg/mL, 76 %± 2.1 at 0.2 mg/mL, and 67 %± 3.0 at 0.4 mg/mL. Among individual strains, RP13 exhibited the highest removal capacity. Fluorescence and electron microscopy confirmed PS-NP adhesion to bacterial surfaces. Zeta potential measurements showed a shift from -30.32 mV to -21.87 mV after bacterial exposure, indicating surface interaction. Cytotoxicity assays on HT-29 cells revealed dose-dependent toxicity of PS-NPs, which was significantly reduced by treatment with the Lactobacillus cocktail most notably at concentrations between 62.5 and 15.62 µg/mL. These promising in-vitro results suggest that our native probiotic Lactobacillus strains may offer a sustainable strategy for mitigating nanoplastic toxicity in the gastrointestinal tract; however, validation through in-vivo studies is essential to confirm their therapeutic potential and translational relevance.

PMID:40592155 | DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118599

Waste Manag. 2025 Jun 30;205:114971. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2025.114971. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

In recent years, microplastics (MPs) have become pervasive environmental pollutants globally. Phthalic acid esters (PAEs), commonly used as plasticizers, are frequently associated with MPs. Investigating the fate of these pollutants before their release and their presence in sewage sludge is crucial for understanding their impact in different wastewater and water treatment plants (WWTPs and WTPs).This study analyzes the distribution of MPs in terms of abundance, size, shape, and color, as well as the concentrations of 13 distinct types of PAE, in sludge samples collected from 18 treatment plants located in a densely populated and industrialized region. The findings showed that 68 % of the MPs detected in the sludge samples were fragments, 27 % were films, and 5 % were fibers. The most common MP color was white-transparent, yellowish, and the most prevalent MP types were polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene tereftalat (PET). MP concentrations were found to be 4726 ± 2939 MP/g (dry weight (dw)) in sludge from industrial WWTPs (IWWTPs), 6078 ± 695 MP/g (dw) in sludge from urban WWTPs (UWWTPs), and 2133 ± 1690 MP/g (dw) in sludge from drinking WTPs (DWTPs). The PAE concentrations were measured at 10477 ± 10291 µg/kg in sludge from IWWTPs, 23475 ± 10258 µg/kg in sludge from UWWTPs, and 4127 ± 4382 µg/kg in sludge from DWTPs. According to Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the primary source of PAEs in the sludge samples was the cleaning and personal care products, contributing 41 %, followed by industrial applications at 22 % and household goods at 11 %.

PMID:40592225 | DOI:10.1016/j.wasman.2025.114971

J Hazard Mater. 2025 Jun 25;495:139056. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139056. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (MPs) have emerged as a global environmental pollutant of growing concern, with soil serving as a critical sink for terrestrial MPs. However, the life-history trade-offs of soil bacteria to various MPs in different soils remain unclear. Here, we investigated the adaptive signatures of bacterial communities to two biodegradable and four conventional MPs in cinnamon soil and lime concretion black soil. Our results showed that bacterial diversity, composition, potential functional profiles, life-history strategies, resistance, and co-occurrence networks significantly changed under MP exposure, with soil type playing a key role. Specifically, poly (butylene succinate) (PBS), a biodegradable plastic, exerted a greater influence on bacterial diversity, community structure, and functional profiles than the other MPs in both soils. PBS MPs promoted the prevalence of copiotrophs (r-strategists), indicating reduced bacterial resistance relative to the control conditions, whereas most other MPs enhanced bacterial resistance. Moreover, PBS MPs significantly reduced the richness and evenness of both the oligotrophic and copiotrophic taxa. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed decreased stability of the overall bacterial networks, as well as oligotrophic and copiotrophic taxa, following the addition of MPs, particularly PBS. These changes may disrupt soil carbon cycling, thereby threatening soil carbon sequestration and climate regulation. Our findings provide critical insights into the bacterial life-history strategies under MP stress in different soils, useful for the risk assessment and management of MP pollution.

PMID:40592269 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139056

Environ Toxicol Chem. 2025 Jul 1:vgaf168. doi: 10.1093/etojnl/vgaf168. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Soil ecosystems are considered important sinks for microplastics (MPs). However, the effects of environmentally relevant mixtures of MPs on soil organisms have rarely been assessed. This study aimed to evaluate the chronic effects of a mixture of MPs on two model soil organisms, the earthworm Eisenia andrei and the springtail Folsomia candida. The MP mixture was composed of polymers and shapes frequently found in agricultural soils amended with sewage sludge, including HDPE and PP fragments, and PES fibres. The organisms were exposed in LUFA 2.2 soil to MP concentrations of 0-1% dry soil for E. andrei, and 0-5% for F. candida. This study shows that particle ingestion by E. andrei was proportional to MP exposure levels, and the size distribution taken up was similar to that observed in the exposure medium, suggesting non-selective uptake behaviour. In contrast, very low ingestion levels of MPs were found for F. candida, even at the highest test concentration. No significant effects were found on survival, growth or reproduction of E. andrei. However, significant adverse effects were found on the reproductive output (number of juveniles) and juvenile dry weight for F. candida, with a reduction of approximately 30% in both endpoints at the highest test concentration, and calculated NOECs of 0.4% and 1%, respectively. These adverse effects may have been caused by changes in soil properties, mobility reduction, and/or the presence of plastic additives, instead of MP uptake. The comparison of MP exposure concentrations in soils obtained from the literature with the threshold concentrations derived for F. candida indicates insignificant environmental risks at current exposure levels.

PMID:40591476 | DOI:10.1093/etojnl/vgaf168

Toxicol Mech Methods. 2025 Jul 1:1-28. doi: 10.1080/15376516.2025.2527154. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (MPs) have emerged as a serious global environmental threat due to their resistance to degradation and persistence in ecosystems. Given their potential risks to human health, it is essential to thoroughly investigate the mechanisms of toxicity and associated health consequences. This study examined the toxicological and reproductive effects of varying doses of polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs) in 120 male and female Sprague Dawley rats. A statistically significant, dose-dependent increase in malondialdehyde levels was observed, along with a reduction in catalase activity. Furthermore, alterations were detected in sexual hormone levels and disruptions were noted in both the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE (antioxidant response element) and p38 MAPK-Nrf2 signaling pathways. PE-MP exposure also produced marked histopathological changes in the testes and ovaries. These findings indicate that reproductive toxicity from PE-MPs is associated with impairments in the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE and p38 MAPK-Nrf2 pathways. The results underscore the importance of limiting microplastic exposure to mitigate potential health hazards and provide new data on the potential mechanisms of toxicity of MPs.

PMID:40590170 | DOI:10.1080/15376516.2025.2527154

J Hazard Mater. 2025 Jun 25;495:139055. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139055. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

In recent years, there has been growing concern about microplastic pollution in aquatic environments worldwide owing to the possible threat to fish health and river ecosystem. Fish are important indicator organisms in rivers, and their microplastic contamination reflects the plastic pollution status of the river. In this study, we conducted the first biomonitoring of microplastic contamination in freshwater fishes from the Chishui River (primary tributary of the Yangtze River), analyzed microplastic abundance, shape, size, and polymer types in gills and intestinal contents of 31 fish species using laser direct infrared imaging spectrometer (LDIR). The main findings were: (1) A total of 32 types of polymers were identified in the fish, exceeding those detected in environmental compartments (16 in water and 10 in sediment). Chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) was identified as the predominant type of microplastic polymer across water, sediment and fish; (2) Microplastic abundance in the 31 fish species ranged from 22.5 to 940 items/g (mean 246.42 items/g) in gills and from 8.5 to 968.75 items/g (mean 231.73 items/g) in intestinal contents. The fish in Siluriformes represented significantly higher intestinal microplastic abundance (382.38 ± 334.44 items/g) than that in Cypriniformes (185.96 ± 167.10 items/g) (p < 0.05). Moreover, benthic fish represented significantly higher microplastic abundance in intestinal contents (391.50 ± 299.82 items/g) than pelagic fish (155.65 ± 107.93 items/g) (p < 0.05); (3) The abundance of smaller particles was consistently identified significantly higher than that of larger particles in water, sediment, and fish. Three shapes (fragment, pellet and fiber) of microplastics were detected in fish while only fragment and pellet were found in water and sediment; (4) The polymer hazard index (PHI) assessed based on the polymer-specific risk index were much varied ranging from 275.40 (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) to 8382.32 (Acrossocheilus yunnanensis) in total suggesting the hazard risk level from III to V. The microplastics are hazardous substances, uptake of which could cause physical damage and chemical toxicity, threatening fish health. Thus the present study would establish the first evidence of microplastic contamination in fish from the Chishui River, providing critical baseline data for developing targeted mitigation strategies in the future.

PMID:40592277 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139055

J Hazard Mater. 2025 Jun 28;495:138982. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138982. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (MPs) are widely distributed in the natural environment and are transported into bioretention systems through rainwater runoff, where they progressively accumulate. However, their impact on denitrifying bacteria within these systems remains poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the effects of MPs derived from different mask layers on the denitrification efficiency of bioretention systems. The results revealed that the accumulation of MPs led to a decline in the removal efficiency of NH₄⁺ -N, NO₃^--N, and total nitrogen. Furthermore, MPs inhibited the enzymatic activities of dehydrogenase, catalase, and urease. The presence of MPs also reduced the abundance of key denitrifying bacteria, such as Boteobacteria, Bacteroidota, and Denitratisoma. Notably, the experimental results demonstrated that microbial communities exhibit adaptive responses through compositional modulation of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), specifically modifying its physicochemical properties including viscosity and hydrophobicity, to mitigate the environmental stress induced by microplastic exposure. Among the tested MPs, those from the filter layer of masks exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect, followed by outer-layer MPs and inner-layer MPs. This experimental study provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the denitrification mechanisms in bioretention systems under MPs accumulation and highlights the potential ecological risks posed by MPs in such environments.

PMID:40592276 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138982

Mar Environ Res. 2025 Jun 24;210:107304. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107304. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics are minute particles that originate from the breakdown of large plastic materials or are put on as microbeads, creating critical hazards to ecosystems. Currently, there is a lack of research on microplastics (MPs) in the surface waters of the Indian Ocean and local marine organisms. This study investigates the abundance, composition, and potential ecological impacts of MPs in the surface waters of the Indian Ocean, and MPs in the bodies of two typical marine organisms in the local area were detected. The present study reveals significant spatial heterogeneity in microplastic (MP) characteristics across the Indian Ocean, with the Arabian Sea exhibiting notably higher abundances, greater lengths, and polymer-type diversity compared to surrounding waters. Results indicate a high detection rate of 93.75 % across 32 sampling sites, with an average abundance of 0.007 items/L, highlighting the widespread presence of MPs in marine environments. Rayon (RY), Polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were identified as the predominant materials, likely linked to the extensive use of textiles and consumer packaging. The size distribution of MPs primarily falls within the 0-500 μm and 500-1000 μm ranges, with fiber-shaped MPs being the most prevalent, reflecting the release of synthetic fibers during washing processes. Analysis of MPs in biological samples revealed a high prevalence of RY, indicating potential bioaccumulation in marine organisms. Findings also showed that frigate tuna (Auxis thazard) exhibited a higher ingestion rate and MP content compared to purpleback flying squid (Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis), suggesting species-specific differences in feeding behavior and habitat utilization. Microplastic pollution negatively affects marine ecosystems and organisms by disrupting food chains, habitat contamination, and harming their health. These findings highlight the urgent need for improved monitoring and management strategies to mitigate the impacts of microplastic pollution on ecosystems and human health.

PMID:40587914 | DOI:10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107304

3 Biotech. 2025 Jul;15(7):227. doi: 10.1007/s13205-025-04396-1. Epub 2025 Jun 27.

ABSTRACT

Microplastic pollution is known to impact various abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems. Among the various microplastic remediation methods, biological approaches using microbes have gained significant attention due to their high efficacy and eco-friendly nature. In this study, the degradation of PET-based microplastics was carried out by the indigenous yeast strain Candida tropicalis in in vitro batch degradation experiments. The degradation was measured by monitoring the optical density of the yeast grown on a medium containing microplastic pieces, as well as assessing weight reduction and biofilm formation efficiency (%). After degradation, the metabolites were extracted and tested for their toxic effects on the growth parameters of the freshwater fish Tilapia. Extracted metabolites were administered to Tilapia at different concentrations, and the effects on growth parameters-such as daily weight gain (%), weight gain (%), specific growth rate (%), and survival (%), along with histological examinations of gut and gill tissues-were evaluated. In silico docking studies were also performed to assess the potential toxic effects of the major constituents of the metabolites (polyethylene terephthalate, 3-butynoic acid, butanoic acid, cyclopentene-3-ethyl, ethanedioic acid, and formic acid) on the target Tilapia fish protein (PDB ID: 6Y7I). The administered metabolites did not show any impact on the growth parameters. Histopathological examination also revealed no alterations or abnormalities in the gut and gill tissues. Furthermore, in silico docking studies indicated no toxic effects on the freshwater fish Tilapia. These findings clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of Candida tropicalis in degrading microplastics from various environmental sources, with high efficacy and biocompatibility.

PMID:40585002 | PMC:PMC12204978 | DOI:10.1007/s13205-025-04396-1

ACS Cent Sci. 2025 May 19;11(6):816-818. doi: 10.1021/acscentsci.5c00840. eCollection 2025 Jun 25.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics in dementia-affected brains resisted identification until she lit them up.

PMID:40585808 | PMC:PMC12203256 | DOI:10.1021/acscentsci.5c00840

Gastro Hep Adv. 2025 May 2;4(8):100694. doi: 10.1016/j.gastha.2025.100694. eCollection 2025.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:40585900 | PMC:PMC12205792 | DOI:10.1016/j.gastha.2025.100694

J Water Health. 2025 Jun;23(6):764-779. doi: 10.2166/wh.2025.020. Epub 2025 May 9.

ABSTRACT

Periodic evaluation of particulate contaminants in raw/untreated water is integral to assessing risk, establishing treatment requirements, and ensuring drinking water safety. However, pathogenic microorganisms and other discrete particles (e.g., microplastics) are not typically monitored with any regularity. When monitoring is required, recommended, or proactively used to evaluate the adequacy of treatment or assess treatment needs, there is a need for guidance on how to collect data and use them to maximize return on investment. The potentially increasing variability in source water quality associated with climate change emphasizes the importance of knowing contaminant concentrations to effectively manage risks. This work presents a framework to guide the development of monitoring protocols for particulate contaminants in water and the integration of monitoring data and quantitative microbial risk assessment into treatment decisions. The protozoa monitoring and risk-based compliance approach of a drinking water utility in Canada is presented along with 7 years of data. Guidance for determining sampling frequencies and locations is provided. It is shown that Cryptosporidium monitoring may be insufficient to inform treatment needs when Giardia cysts are more abundant in source water. This work underscores the importance of revisiting and enhancing monitoring practices for effective treatment and public health protection.

PMID:40586340 | DOI:10.2166/wh.2025.020

Anal Chem. 2025 Jun 30. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5c00630. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (MPs) have emerged as a critical environmental pollutant, causing composite pollution through their widespread production, usage, and disposal, as well as their capacity to carry other contaminants such as heavy metals. This study presents a novel approach combining laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) with machine learning for the simultaneous quantitative detection of three metals (Cr, Pb, and Cu) in 25 contaminated poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) samples with a diameter of 2 μm. The effects of different preprocessing methods and variable selection techniques on the predictive performance of partial least-squares (PLS) calibration models were investigated. Based on optimized input variables and model parameters, PLS calibration models were developed using mean relative error (MRE), root-mean-square error (RMSE), and coefficient of determination (R²) as evaluation metrics. The models of standard normal variate-competitive adaptive reweighted sampling-PLS (SNV-CARS-PLS) for Cr and Pb, and wavelet transform-CARS-PLS (WT-CARS-PLS) for Cu, demonstrated superior correlation relationships (Cr: R_p² = 0.9750, Pb: R_p² = 0.9759, Cu: R_p² = 0.9088) compared to univariate calibration methods. The values of RMSE_p for Cr, Pb, and Cu decreased by 5.495, 9.170, and 3.765 ppm, respectively, while values of MRE_p decreased by 71.73%, 65%, and 66.81%, respectively. The values of ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD) for three models in -leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) were 20.4, 31.6, and 31.6 respectively. Furthermore, the limits of detection (LODs) for the three heavy metal elements were ≤1.534 ppm. The SNV/WT-CARS-PLS method significantly improved quantitative analysis accuracy, providing essential theoretical and technical support for composite pollution monitoring and prevention in MPs.

PMID:40586477 | DOI:10.1021/acs.analchem.5c00630

Environ Monit Assess. 2025 Jun 30;197(7):821. doi: 10.1007/s10661-025-14263-4.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics pollution poses significant environmental challenge, with river networks serving as major pathways for transport to oceans. Effectively managing microplastics requires identification of their sources and pathways into river networks, yet there is a lack of understanding, hindering successful mitigation efforts. This study demonstrates the novel use of fuzzy logic-based tools in geographic information system (GIS) for the precise identification of microplastics leakage sources in Ubon Ratchathani province, situated in Northeastern Thailand. A leakage density map was developed by applying fuzzy logic to variables responsible for microplastics production in the environment, using available geospatial datasets. A fuzzy overlay was performed, merging the density map and drainage networks of the province, creating a comprehensive microplastics leakage sources map. This leakage sources map illustrated the flow of microplastics from leakage-dense areas towards the susceptible river network in the province. It identified key sources of microplastic leakage, such as road networks, facilities, and industries contaminating urban waterways. Field-based microplastic data verified the map's accuracy. A comparative analysis between identified polluted rivers and those not flagged revealed that microplastic accumulation is influenced not only by source proximity but also by river characteristics such as flow rate, hydrology, and seasonal variations. The study underscores the effectiveness and reliability of fuzzy logic-based GIS tools in identifying microplastics source hotspots within a specific region. Furthermore, it provides a valuable approach for advancing Sustainable Development Goal 14 (Life Below Water) by managing microplastics in river networks to prevent their accumulation in marine environments.

PMID:40587009 | PMC:PMC12209004 | DOI:10.1007/s10661-025-14263-4

J Vis Exp. 2025 Jun 13;(220). doi: 10.3791/68200.

ABSTRACT

The biological impact of microplastic pollution in human food and water sources is largely unknown, and drinking water sources are not exempt from this microplastic contamination. Here, we demonstrate a streamlined approach for capturing, quantifying, and identifying microplastics in drinking water. We present an analytical workflow termed the Silicon Nanomembrane Analysis Pipeline (SNAP) that takes advantage of novel Silicon nitride nanomembranes that enable a significant "concentration factor," which consolidates suspended particles into a planarized observation area for individuated, quantifiable, and multimodal particle analysis on the same substrate. SNAP's primary advantages derive from its use of ultrathin, Silicon nitride-based membranes housed in conventionally sized filter disks, enabling the direct capture and analysis of polymeric MPs on a non-polymeric background. Drinking water samples sourced in the Rochester, NY region, were collected from residential tap sources and analyzed using SNAP. Particles in each sample were characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and various identified constituents were quantified in proportion to the total captured particles.

PMID:40587423 | DOI:10.3791/68200

Environ Monit Assess. 2025 Jun 30;197(7):823. doi: 10.1007/s10661-025-14315-9.

ABSTRACT

Plastic has improved human living conditions in many ways. However, studies have shown that the contamination of plastic particles in human tissue can cause serious health issues, reflecting the unforeseen consequences of improper plastic waste management. Micro- and nanoplastic (MNP) contamination has become a global concern for environmental and health scientists. However, current water treatment methods lack specific processes to eliminate plastic residues from water. The growing market for bottled drinks further raises concerns about the presence of plastic particles in daily human life. In this study, we report an investigation into plastic contamination in non-alcoholic beverages in Vietnam, including bottled water, soft drinks, and teas. As a developing country, Vietnam is severely affected by plastic pollution and lacks adequate resources to assess the extent of the contamination. Using a nanoparticle analyzer to detect particles in the liquid solutions, the number and size of MNP in the collected samples were identified. The results showed that bottled water contained an average of 4.6 × 10⁶ nanoplastic/mL, and 1.76 × 10⁷ microplastic/mL, while sugary drinks contained 1.91 × 10⁸ nanoplastic/mL and 1.27 × 10⁹ microplastic/mL. The sizes and shapes of these particles varied greatly, suggesting possible contamination from multiple sources. This is the first study to investigate the distribution of MNP in beverages in Vietnam. Although the sources of contamination could not be identified, the findings raise concerns about potential water pollution and production-related issues.

PMID:40587018 | DOI:10.1007/s10661-025-14315-9

J Appl Toxicol. 2025 Jun 30. doi: 10.1002/jat.4846. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics are any synthetic solid particles or polymeric matrices ranging in size from 1 to 5 mm and insoluble in water. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene (PE) microplastics on DNA damage (8-OHdG), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP μM/mg protein), malondialdehyde (MDA nmol/g tissue), and glutathione (GSH μmol/g tissue) in zebrafish. Zebrafish with an average length of 3-5 cm were placed in aquariums filled with spring water with 1-5-μm PE and 9.5-11.5-μm PS at 1- and 10-mg/L concentrations for 96 h and 21 days. The tissue levels of MDA exposed to 1-mg/L PS and PE (p = 0.008, p = 0.041) and GSH exposed to 1- and 10-mg/L PE (p = 0.004, p = 0.004) in 96 h were increased compared to the control group. GSH (1 and 10-mg/L PS in 21 days, p = 0.033, p = 0.045) and AOPP levels (1- and 10-mg/L PS in 96 h, p = 0.008, p < 0001) were decreased compared to the control group. DNA damage at 8-OHdG levels (96 h, 10-mg/L PS, p = 0.030) was decreased compared to the control and increased in the 1-mg/L PE at 21 days (p = 0.028). The 1- and 10-mg/L PE and PS microplastic doses were thought to affect the oxidant-antioxidant system. Besides, they may damage DNA in zebrafish, depending on the dosage and exposure time of the chemicals.

PMID:40588367 | DOI:10.1002/jat.4846

Mater Horiz. 2025 Jun 30. doi: 10.1039/d5mh00512d. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The hierarchical integration of porous materials with rigid frameworks and biopolymer components enhances their adsorption performance. While combining porous substances with cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) to create high-performance hybrid aerogels holds significant potential, achieving this remains challenging due to suboptimal interfacial bonding and insufficient structural reinforcement from CNFs. In this study, a superhydrophobic composite aerogel (AG^U6-(OH)₂@PMSQ) was synthesized using a sequential bottom-up and layer-by-layer in situ growth strategy based on a robust dual-network structure formed by the "egg-box structure" and CNFs. The hierarchical porosity and superhydrophobicity of AG^U6-(OH)₂@PMSQ provided excellent adsorption capacity and sensitivity for polystyrene microplastics (PSM). The adsorption kinetics revealed that the adsorption capacity for PSM reached an impressive 555.556 mg g^-1 within a short timeframe of 100 min. D-R model analysis indicated that hydrophobic interactions were the primary driving force behind the adsorption of PSM by AG^U6-(OH)₂@PMSQ. Meanwhile, simulation calculations confirmed that hydrogen bonding and C-H⋯π interactions also contribute to the adsorption process. Furthermore, AG^U6-(OH)₂@PMSQ demonstrated exceptional adsorption stability, reproducibility, and a high PSM removal rate in aqueous matrices. This innovative research offers a new insight for contaminant control in complex matrix environments.

PMID:40586439 | DOI:10.1039/d5mh00512d

Mol Neurobiol. 2025 Jun 29. doi: 10.1007/s12035-025-05157-0. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The widespread prevalence of plastics and in particular, microplastics (MPs) raises concerns about their potential toxic effects. MPs, defined as particles smaller than 5 mm, are distributed throughout ecosystem and can enter the human body through the food chain. There is a lack of knowledge regarding MP potential harmful effects on the mammal's body, especially the brain. This study aimed to examine the impact of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) MPs (< 30 μm) on blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, oxidative stress, and neuronal health. Male rats were exposed to LDPE MPs via oral administration for 3 and 6 weeks. The results revealed no significant changes in brain water content across groups. However, BBB integrity was significantly compromised after both 3 and 6 weeks of exposure. Oxidative stress increased in MP-treated groups, evidenced by decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels and elevated malondialdehyde (MDA). Additionally, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels significantly declined in the 6-week group. Histological analysis indicated neuronal damage and death in both treatment durations. These findings demonstrate that chronic exposure to LDPE MPs impairs BBB integrity, increases oxidative stress, and induces neuronal damage in rats. The results highlight the neurotoxic potential of MPs and emphasize the need for further research to address their possible health risks.

PMID:40583085 | DOI:10.1007/s12035-025-05157-0

Environ Monit Assess. 2025 Jun 29;197(7):820. doi: 10.1007/s10661-025-14288-9.

ABSTRACT

Microplastics (MPs) in food pose potential health risks, yet their occurrence in solar salt remains underexplored. However, limited research exists on MP contamination in natural solar salt, particularly in estuarine environments. This study addresses this gap by assessing MP contamination in salt harvested from solar salt pans downstream of the Mandovi estuary, Goa, India. Eight salt samples were collected from the saltpan and analysed using density separation, filtration, and FTIR spectroscopy. MPs were detected in all samples, with concentrations ranging from 64.00 ± 1.89 to 106.67 ± 10.37 particles/100 g (mean: 84.17 ± 14.47 particles/100 g). The majority of MPs were within the 0.1-0.3 mm size range (49.21%), predominantly fibres (90.40%), and colourless (64.30%). Polyethylene (29.2%), polyester (20.8%), and polypropylene (16.7%) were the dominant polymer types. The pollution load index (1.16) and polymer risk index (PRI > 1000) indicated a high ecological hazard (Level V). Estimated annual MP intake from salt consumption was 2,457.8 particles per person. These findings provide critical evidence of MP contamination in natural solar salt and underscore the need for targeted mitigation strategies to minimize human exposure.

PMID:40583103 | DOI:10.1007/s10661-025-14288-9